RPEP-01376 · 2008A novel difluorophenylalanine analog was incorporated into GHRP, maintaining GHS-R activity while introducing fluorine-mediated metabolic stability improvements — demonstrating unnatural amino acid incorporation for enhancing GH secretagogue drug properties.
Li, Jun; Chen, Stephanie Y; Murphy, Brian J; Flynn, Neil; Seethala, Ramakrishna; Slusarchyk, Dorothy; Yan, Mujing; Sleph, Paul; Zhang, Hongjian; Humphreys, William G; Ewing, William R; Robl, Jeffrey A; Gordon, David; Tino, Joseph A · In Vitro
RPEP-01377 · 2008Gallium-68 labeled RGD peptides successfully imaged tumors in mice by targeting integrin αvβ3, a protein overexpressed on tumor blood vessels. Three versions were tested — single (RGD1), double (RGD2), and quadruple (RGD4) RGD peptide constructs. The dimeric version (68Ga-NOTA-RGD2) emerged as the best candidate, achieving 2.8% ID/g tumor uptake at 1 hour with favorable tumor-to-background ratios (4.4 tumor/muscle, 2.0 tumor/liver, 1.1 tumor/kidney).
The quadruple version (RGD4) had the highest tumor uptake but also accumulated heavily in the kidneys, making it less suitable for clinical use. All three constructs could be labeled with 68Ga within 10 minutes, a major practical advantage since 68Ga comes from a generator (no cyclotron needed).
Li, Zi-Bo; Chen, Kai; Chen, Xiaoyuan · Animal
RPEP-01378 · 2008Acupuncture analgesia mechanisms comprehensively reviewed: frequency-specific endogenous opioid release (low-freq: endorphins/enkephalins; high-freq: dynorphins), serotonergic modulation, spinal gate theory, descending inhibition, and clinical validation — the complete mechanism.
Lin, Jaung-Geng; Chen, Wei-Liang · Review
RPEP-01379 · 2008Overweight children demonstrated blunted meal-related ghrelin suppression and attenuated PYY3-36 response compared to normal weight peers, indicating childhood obesity involves early-onset gut peptide satiety signaling disruption.
Lomenick, Jefferson P; Clasey, Jody L; Anderson, James W · Cross Sectional
RPEP-01380 · 2008Combinations of milk-derived antimicrobial peptides and proteins (lactoferricin + lysozyme, lactoferrin + alpha-lactalbumin peptides) showed synergistic antibacterial activity exceeding individual effects — the natural milk cocktail is more effective than any single component.
López-Expósito, I; Pellegrini, A; Amigo, L; Recio, I · In Vitro
RPEP-01381 · 2008Milk-derived peptides including lactoferricin, casocidin, and caseicidin demonstrate both antibacterial and antitumor properties through membrane disruption and apoptosis induction — making dairy digestion a source of dual anti-infection and anti-cancer protection.
López-Expósito, Iván; Recio, Isidra · Review
RPEP-01383 · 2008BNP biochemistry comprehensively reviewed: ventricular gene expression, proBNP processing (corin, furin), circulating molecular forms (BNP-32, NT-proBNP, proBNP1-108, glycosylated variants), clearance (NPR-C, renal), and immunoassay specificity implications.
Mair, Johannes · Review
RPEP-01384 · 2008A ghrelin-degrading catalytic antibody (ghrelin-ase) increased metabolic rate and reduced post-fast refeeding in mice, demonstrating an immunological approach to ghrelin neutralization for obesity treatment — antibody-based appetite suppression.
Mayorov, Alexander V; Amara, Neri; Chang, Jason Y; Moss, Jason A; Hixon, Mark S; Ruiz, Diana I; Meijler, Michael M; Zorrilla, Eric P; Janda, Kim D · Animal Study
RPEP-01385 · 2008GHK-Cu and other peptide-copper complexes demonstrated measurable skin penetration and bioactive copper delivery to dermal layers, validating the bioavailability of topical copper peptide formulations for skin anti-aging and wound healing applications.
Mazurowska, Lena; Mojski, Miroslaw · In Vitro
RPEP-01386 · 2008Intranasal oxytocin and vasopressin modulate human social brain circuits (amygdala fear, insula empathy, prefrontal evaluation) as demonstrated by fMRI — neuropeptide modulation of social cognition with therapeutic implications for autism and social anxiety.
Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas · Review
RPEP-01387 · 2008Cell-permeable antioxidant peptide (SS-31 family) reduced renal tubular apoptosis, oxidative damage, and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction rats — expanding mitochondria-targeted peptide therapy to kidney protection for obstructive and other renal diseases.
Mizuguchi, Yasunori; Chen, Jie; Seshan, Surya V; Poppas, Dix P; Szeto, Hazel H; Felsen, Diane · Animal Study
RPEP-01388 · 2008Natriuretic peptides (BNP, NT-proBNP) predicted 3-year cardiovascular events and mortality in Chagas disease patients, establishing them as prognostic biomarkers for Chagas cardiomyopathy — a major neglected tropical disease affecting millions.
Moreira, Maria da Consolação V; Heringer-Walther, Silvia; Wessel, Niels; Moreira Ventura, Tiago; Wang, Yong; Schultheiss, Heinz-Peter; Walther, Thomas · Cohort
RPEP-01392 · 2008One year of oral MK-677 in healthy older adults (n=65) increased fat-free mass (+1.1 kg), GH, and IGF-1 but also increased fat mass, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance — the most comprehensive long-term RCT showing MK-677's mixed metabolic profile in aging.
Nass, Ralf; Pezzoli, Suzan S; Oliveri, Mary Clancy; Patrie, James T; Harrell, Frank E; Clasey, Jody L; Heymsfield, Steven B; Bach, Mark A; Vance, Mary Lee; Thorner, Michael O · RCT
RPEP-01394 · 2008BPC-157 accelerated healing of muscle crush injury in rats with improved functional recovery and histological regeneration, demonstrating efficacy for acute traumatic muscle damage — expanding its musculoskeletal healing applications beyond tendon and clean transection injuries.
Novinscak, Tomislav; Brcic, Luka; Staresinic, Mario; Jukic, Ivana; Radic, Bozo; Pevec, Danira; Mise, Sandro; Tomasovic, Sanja; Brcic, Iva; Banic, Tihomir; Jakir, Ana; Buljat, Gojko; Anic, Tomislav; Zoricic, Ivan; Romic, Zeljko; Seiwerth, Sven; Sikiric, Predrag · Animal Study
RPEP-01395 · 2008GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors combine synergistically with metformin (first-line), sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin for T2DM, with combination selection guided by patient weight, hypo risk, and HbA1c target — practical combination pharmacotherapy guidance.
Over, Rebecca K; Ratner, Robert E · Review
RPEP-01396 · 2008The human host defense peptide LL-37 potently inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation at a concentration of just 0.5 µg/ml — 128 times lower than the dose needed to kill bacteria outright (MIC = 64 µg/ml). This means LL-37 doesn't need to act as a direct antibiotic to fight infection; it can prevent bacteria from building the protective biofilm communities that make chronic infections so difficult to treat.
LL-37 also disrupted pre-existing biofilms and worked through multiple mechanisms: reducing bacterial attachment to surfaces, stimulating twitching motility (which keeps bacteria from settling), and downregulating quorum sensing genes in the Las and Rhl systems that bacteria use to coordinate biofilm construction.
Overhage, Joerg; Campisano, Andrea; Bains, Manjeet; Torfs, Ellen C W; Rehm, Bernd H A; Hancock, Robert E W · In Vitro
RPEP-01397 · 2008Plasma aldosterone levels during MI hospitalization independently predicted post-discharge survival, with higher aldosterone indicating worse prognosis — adding aldosterone to BNP and other neurohormones for comprehensive post-MI risk stratification.
Palmer, Barry R; Pilbrow, Anna P; Frampton, Christopher M; Yandle, Tim G; Skelton, Lorraine; Nicholls, M Gary; Richards, A Mark · Cohort
RPEP-01398 · 2008PYY3-36 injection produced biphasic appetite response: acute anorexia followed by delayed orexigenic rebound, unlike GLP-1 which showed sustained anorexia — this rebound effect may limit PYY3-36's obesity drug potential compared to GLP-1 agonists.
Parkinson, James R C; Dhillo, Waljit S; Small, Caroline J; Chaudhri, Owais B; Bewick, Gavin A; Pritchard, Iain; Moore, Stanley; Ghatei, Mohammed A; Bloom, Stephen R · Animal Study
RPEP-01399 · 2008Korean pine nut oil stimulated CCK-8 release and reduced appetite desire and prospective food consumption in overweight postmenopausal women (RCT), demonstrating a food-derived natural CCK secretagogue for appetite management.
Pasman, Wilrike J; Heimerikx, Jos; Rubingh, Carina M; van den Berg, Robin; O'Shea, Marianne; Gambelli, Luisa; Hendriks, Henk F J; Einerhand, Alexandra W C; Scott, Corey; Keizer, Hiskias G; Mennen, Louise I · RCT
RPEP-01400 · 2008GHRH/GHRP-2 synergy for GH secretion was jointly determined by gonadal status (greater in women) and BMI (reduced in obesity), demonstrating that sex hormone environment AND body composition together modulate GH secretagogue combination effectiveness.
Paulo, Remberto C; Cosma, Mihaela; Soares-Welch, Cacia; Bailey, Joy N; Mielke, Kristi L; Miles, John M; Bowers, Cyril Y; Veldhuis, Johannes D · Clinical Trial
RPEP-01402 · 2008GHK-Cu comprehensively reviewed: stimulates collagen/glycosaminoglycan synthesis, wound healing, hair growth, and reprograms gene expression (1,584 genes) toward tissue repair and anti-aging — the most versatile copper-binding tripeptide in regenerative medicine.
Pickart, Loren · Review
RPEP-01403 · 2008CRF-CRFR1 molecular recognition involves a two-step binding model: C-terminal CRF helix binds the receptor N-terminus (affinity), then N-terminal CRF contacts the receptor core (activation) — structural basis for designing CRF receptor-selective drugs.
Pioszak, Augen A; Parker, Naomi R; Suino-Powell, Kelly; Xu, H Eric · In Vitro
RPEP-01404 · 2008Ghrelin and GHRP-6 restored gastric contractile activity and emptying in diabetic gastroparesis mice, with effects mediated through smooth muscle and neural pathways — confirming GH secretagogues as gastroprokinetic agents for diabetic GI dysfunction.
Qiu, Wen-Cai; Wang, Zhi-Gang; Wang, Wei-Gang; Yan, Jun; Zheng, Qi · Animal Study
RPEP-01405 · 2008Ghrelin and GHRP-6 restored gastric emptying in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with gastroparesis, improving gastric motility through GHS-R activation — validating GH secretagogues as therapeutic agents for diabetic gastroparesis, a common and debilitating complication.
Qiu, Wen-cai; Wang, Zhi-gang; Wang, Wei-gang; Yan, Jun; Zheng, Qi · Animal Study
RPEP-01406 · 2008Ghrelin modulated steroidogenesis (progesterone, estradiol) and cell proliferation in prepubertal porcine ovarian follicles, establishing a direct ovarian ghrelin system with implications for reproductive development and fertility.
Rak, A; Gregoraszczuk, E L · In Vitro
RPEP-01408 · 2008Bioactive peptide gene sequences from milk proteins were cloned into S. thermophilus yogurt starter culture, enabling antimicrobial peptide expression during dairy fermentation — creating enhanced bioactive dairy products with built-in antimicrobial protection.
Renye, J A; Somkuti, G A · In Vitro
RPEP-01410 · 2008Updated natriuretic peptide review covering expanded family (ANP, BNP, CNP, DNP, urodilatin), therapeutic developments (nesiritide, neprilysin inhibition concept), and comprehensive cardiovascular biomarker and therapeutic applications — the 2008 state of the art.
Rubattu, Speranza; Sciarretta, Sebastiano; Valenti, Valentina; Stanzione, Rosita; Volpe, Massimo · Review
RPEP-01411 · 2008Oral gelatin hydrolysate meals stimulated GLP-1, insulin, and glucagon release while suppressing ghrelin in both normal weight and obese subjects, demonstrating collagen peptides trigger satiety hormone responses beyond simple protein-mediated effects.
Rubio, I G; Castro, G; Zanini, A C; Medeiros-Neto, G · Clinical Trial
RPEP-01412 · 2008Plasma natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, NT-proBNP) correlated with echocardiographic abnormalities (LV dysfunction, LVH, diastolic dysfunction) in geriatric outpatients — supporting NP screening for subclinical cardiac disease detection in the elderly.
Rutten, Joost H W; van der Velde, Nathalie; van der Cammen, Tischa J M; ten Cate, Folkert J; Vletter, Wim B; Boomsma, Frans; van den Meiracker, Anton H · Cross Sectional
RPEP-01413 · 2008SC bremelanotide significantly improved erectile responses in sildenafil-failure ED patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT — demonstrating melanocortin central mechanism (desire/arousal) rescues patients where PDE5 peripheral mechanism (blood flow) fails.
Safarinejad, Mohammad Reza; Hosseini, Seyyed Yousof · RCT
RPEP-01414 · 2008VIP gene expression was essential for normal pulmonary vascular regulation, with VIP knockout mice developing spontaneous pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling — establishing VIP as an endogenous protective factor against pulmonary vascular disease.
Said, Sami I · Animal Study
RPEP-01415 · 2008Casein-derived (IPP, VPP, alpha-casein fragments) and whey-derived (alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin peptides) ACE-inhibitory peptides lower blood pressure in animal and human studies — the most validated functional food peptides for cardiovascular health.
Saito, Tadao · Review
RPEP-01416 · 2008Supraspinal endomorphin-2 antinociception involved dynorphin A release mediated by mu-1 receptors in the brain, with anti-dynorphin antibodies partially blocking the effect — confirming endomorphin-2's unique dual-pathway (mu + dynorphin) analgesic mechanism.
Sakurada, Shinobu; Sawai, Toshiki; Mizoguchi, Hirokazu; Watanabe, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Chizuko; Yonezawa, Akihiko; Morimoto, Masaya; Sato, Takumi; Komatsu, Takaaki; Sakurada, Tsukasa · Animal Study
RPEP-01418 · 2008MK-677 successfully increased GH/IGF-1 in AD patients but showed no clinical benefit on cognitive decline, ADAS-cog, or CDR-sb over the trial period — proving GH axis restoration alone is insufficient for treating established Alzheimer's disease.
Sevigny, J J; Ryan, J M; van Dyck, C H; Peng, Y; Lines, C R; Nessly, M L · RCT
RPEP-01419 · 2008Macrocyclic peptidyl hydroxamate peptide deformylase inhibitors showed potent enzyme inhibition, with the macrocyclic constraint and hydroxamate metal chelation providing dual binding optimization for this bacteria-selective antibiotic target.
Shen, Gang; Zhu, Jinge; Simpson, Anthony M; Pei, Dehua · In Vitro
RPEP-01421 · 2008Combined GHRH + GHRP-6 stimulation test demonstrated the highest sensitivity and specificity for GH deficiency evaluation compared to individual agents, establishing it as the recommended clinical provocative test for GH secretory capacity assessment.
Spiliotis, Bessie E; Papadimitriou, Dimitrios T; Alexandrides, Theodore K; Karystianos, Christoforos; Nikiforidis, George; Vassilakos, Pavlos; Beratis, Nicholas G; Casanueva, Felipe F · Clinical Trial
RPEP-01422 · 2008Autoimmune targeting of vasoactive neuropeptides (VIP, PACAP) at blood-brain barrier Virchow-Robin spaces may impair cerebral blood flow autoregulation and promote neuroinflammation — a novel immunopathological theory for neurodegenerative diseases.
Staines, D R; Brenu, E W; Marshall-Gradisnik, S · Review
RPEP-01423 · 2008Autoimmune attack on endogenous vasoactive neuropeptides (VIP, PACAP, CGRP) is proposed as a pathogenic mechanism for MS and ALS, with detection of anti-neuropeptide antibodies and correlation with disease activity — neuropeptide autoimmunity as neurodegeneration cause.
Staines, Donald R · Review
RPEP-01424 · 2008Autoimmune targeting of vasoactive neuropeptides (VIP, PACAP) in retinal vessels may cause retinopathy through impaired local blood flow autoregulation — proposing neuropeptide autoimmunity as a mechanism for vascular retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy.
Staines, Donald R · Review
RPEP-01425 · 2008A novel endomorphin-2-like immunoreactive peptide was detected in rat brain extracts with different chromatographic properties from known endomorphin-2, potentially representing a new endogenous mu-opioid peptide or modified form — expanding the endogenous opioid catalog.
Szemenyei, Erzsébet; Barna, István; Mergl, Zsuzsa; Keresztes, Attila; Darula, Zsuzsanna; Kató, Erzsébet; Tóth, Géza; Rónai, András Z · In Vitro
RPEP-01426 · 2008Comparative analysis of broth dilution, radial diffusion, and flow cytometry methods for antimicrobial peptide testing using lactoferricin derivatives showed significant method-dependent activity variations — establishing the need for standardized peptide antimicrobial testing.
Sánchez-Gómez, Susana; Lamata, Marta; Leiva, José; Blondelle, Sylvie E; Jerala, Roman; Andrä, Jörg; Brandenburg, Klaus; Lohner, Karl; Moriyón, Ignacio; Martínez-de-Tejada, Guillermo · In Vitro
RPEP-01427 · 2008PrRP-deficient mice showed increased food intake and body weight, while PrRP administration reduced feeding, establishing endogenous prolactin-releasing peptide as a novel satiety signal acting through hypothalamic and brainstem appetite circuits.
Takayanagi, Yuki; Matsumoto, Hirokazu; Nakata, Masanori; Mera, Takashi; Fukusumi, Shoji; Hinuma, Shuji; Ueta, Yoichi; Yada, Toshihiko; Leng, Gareth; Onaka, Tatsushi · Animal Study
RPEP-01428 · 2008Plasma oxidative stress markers inversely correlated with adiponectin levels in CHF patients, with low adiponectin associated with worse outcomes — oxidative stress suppresses the protective adipokine adiponectin, adding metabolic dysfunction to heart failure pathophysiology.
Tanaka, Toshinari; Tsutamoto, Takayoshi; Nishiyama, Keizo; Sakai, Hiroshi; Fujii, Masanori; Yamamoto, Takashi; Horie, Minoru · Cross Sectional
RPEP-01429 · 200814,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) produced antinociception mediated by beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin release (confirmed by antisera blocking), establishing a lipid mediator → endogenous opioid peptide → pain relief signaling cascade.
Terashvili, Maia; Tseng, Leon F; Wu, Hsiang-En; Narayanan, Jayashree; Hart, Lucas M; Falck, John R; Pratt, Phillip F; Harder, David R · Animal Study
RPEP-01430 · 2008Managed care analysis of exenatide (GLP-1 agonist: weight loss, injectable), sitagliptin (DPP-4 inhibitor: oral, weight neutral), and pramlintide (amylin analog: injectable, weight loss) for T2DM positioning — incretin drugs transforming diabetes pharmacotherapy economics.
VanDeKoppel, Shawna; Choe, Hae Mi; Sweet, Burgunda V · Review
RPEP-01431 · 2008GHRP-2/GHRH combination precisely controlled GH secretory burst waveform (amplitude, duration, mass) in healthy men, with short-term hypogonadism reducing burst mass — demonstrating testosterone and secretagogues jointly regulate GH pulse quality.
Veldhuis, Johannes D; Keenan, Daniel M · Clinical Trial
RPEP-01433 · 2008Binding free energy predictions for lactoferricin B-POPC membrane interaction using MD simulations correlated with experimental data, validating computational methods for predicting antimicrobial peptide-membrane interactions — rational design without extensive synthesis.
Vivcharuk, Victor; Tomberli, Bruno; Tolokh, Igor S; Gray, C G · In Vitro
RPEP-01434 · 2008VPAC-1 receptor on macrophages was upregulated by pro-inflammatory signals (LPS, IFN-γ) and downregulated by anti-inflammatory signals (IL-10, TGF-β) — dynamic receptor regulation that adapts VIP anti-inflammatory sensitivity to the inflammatory microenvironment.
Vomhof-DeKrey, Emilie E; Dorsam, Glenn Paul · In Vitro
RPEP-01435 · 2008CD4 T-cell VPAC-1 receptor expression was regulated by TCR activation strength and cytokine milieu (IL-2, IL-7, IL-15), determining VIP immunomodulatory sensitivity — explaining context-dependent neuropeptide-immune regulation at the T-cell level.
Vomhof-DeKrey, Emilie E; Hermann, Rebecca J; Palmer, Megan F; Benton, Keith D; Sandy, Ashley R; Dorsam, Sheri T; Dorsam, Glenn Paul · In Vitro
RPEP-01436 · 2008Primary hepatocytes in RADA16 self-assembling peptide hydrogels maintained liver-specific functions (albumin secretion, urea synthesis, CYP450 activity) for extended culture — a functional 3D liver model for pharmaceutical drug metabolism and toxicity testing.
Wang, Sihong; Nagrath, Deepak; Chen, Pohun C; Berthiaume, François; Yarmush, Martin L · In Vitro