Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
BPC-157 improved healing of traumatic peripheral nerve injury in rats, enhancing nerve regeneration and functional recovery — adding nerve repair to its expanding tissue healing capabilities.
Gjurasin, Miroslav; Miklic, Pavle; Zupancic, Bozidar; Perovic, Darko; Zarkovic, Kamelija; Brcic, Luka; Kolenc, Danijela; Radic, Bozo; Seiwerth, Sven; Sikiric, Predrag ·
Peptides targeting Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways offer new immune therapeutic opportunities — both TLR agonist peptides for immune activation and antagonist peptides for anti-inflammatory applications.
Gomariz, R P; Gutiérrez-Cañas, I; Arranz, A; Carrión, M; Juarranz, Y; Leceta, J; Martínez, C ·
Neuropeptides (VIP, alpha-MSH/KPV, CGRP, cortistatin) as therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases including RA, MS, and IBD — comprehensive 2010 review of the anti-autoimmune neuropeptide therapeutic landscape.
Gonzalez-Rey, Elena; Delgado-Maroto, Virginia; Souza Moreira, Luciana; Delgado, Mario ·
GHRP-6's fat-gaining effects were dependent on insulin/glucose metabolic status, with insulin resistance modifying the weight gain response — metabolic context determines whether GH peptides promote or prevent weight gain.
Granado, Miriam; García-Cáceres, Cristina; Frago, Laura M; Argente, Jesús; Chowen, Julie A ·
The researchers provided the first high-resolution structural data for the beta/gamma-peptide 13-helix — a secondary structure formed by oligomers with a 1:1 alternation of beta- and gamma-amino acid residues. The structure was confirmed by both X-ray crystallography and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The 13-helix features i,i+3 C=O...H-N hydrogen bonds, creating a folding pattern analogous to the alpha-helix found in natural proteins but built entirely without natural alpha-amino acids. The key to achieving this fold was using preorganized (conformationally constrained) beta- and gamma-residues, which strongly promote 13-helical folding. Previous studies with conformationally flexible residues had resulted in different helical structures.
Guo, Li; Almeida, Aaron M; Zhang, Weicheng; Reidenbach, Andrew G; Choi, Soo Hyuk; Guzei, Ilia A; Gellman, Samuel H · In Vitro
Updated review of appetite pharmacology for obesity: GLP-1 agonists (most promising), cannabinoid CB1 antagonists (withdrawn for psychiatric side effects), and combination peptide approaches — the 2010 drug development landscape.
Halford, Jason C G; Boyland, Emma J; Blundell, John E; Kirkham, Tim C; Harrold, Joanne A ·
Comprehensive review of incretin-based diabetes therapy covering GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide) and DPP-4 inhibitors — mechanism, efficacy, safety, and clinical positioning in T2DM management.
Hansen, Katrine B; Vilsbøll, Tina; Knop, Filip K ·
CJC-1295 (long-acting GHRH analog) was identified in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation through analytical chemistry, highlighting its availability in the unregulated peptide market and anti-doping implications.
Henninge, John; Pepaj, Milaim; Hullstein, Ingunn; Hemmersbach, Peter ·
IRW, a three-amino-acid peptide derived from egg protein, blocked TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, IRW reduced the production of three key vascular inflammation markers: ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1. It also reduced superoxide ion levels (oxidative stress) both with and without TNF-α stimulation. IRW had previously been identified as an ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitor, and this study reveals it has additional anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties beyond blood pressure lowering.
Huang, Wuyang; Chakrabarti, Subhadeep; Majumder, Kaustav; Jiang, Yanyan; Davidge, Sandra T; Wu, Jianping · In Vitro
Pre- versus postmenopausal status, estradiol levels, and GH secretagogue type each independently determined pulsatile GH secretion patterns in women — all three factors must be considered for optimal GH therapy.
Hudson, Susan B; Schroeder, Darrell R; Bailey, Joy N; Mielke, Kristi L; Erickson, Dana; Miles, John M; Bowers, Cyril Y; Veldhuis, Johannes D ·
BPC-157 counteracted high-dose paracetamol-induced brain damage, seizures, and hepatotoxicity in rats — adding acetaminophen overdose protection to its expanding organ protection profile.
Ilic, S; Drmic, D; Zarkovic, K; Kolenc, D; Coric, M; Brcic, L; Klicek, R; Radic, B; Sever, M; Djuzel, V; Ivica, M; Boban Blagaic, A; Zoricic, Z; Anic, T; Zoricic, I; Djidic, S; Romic, Z; Seiwerth, S; Sikiric, P ·
Secretagogue type, sex-steroid environment, and visceral adiposity each independently determined GH secretory response to peptide stimulation — triple-factor personalization needed for GH therapy.
Iranmanesh, Ali; Bowers, Cyril Y; Veldhuis, Johannes D ·
Enzymatic hydrolysis of Alaska pollack skin produced collagen peptides with significant antioxidant activity, turning fish processing waste into valuable bioactive health supplements.
Jia, Jianping; Zhou, Yangang; Lu, Jianzhang; Chen, Aiying; Li, Yuezhong; Zheng, Gaoli ·
Sialylated O-glycans on pro-BNP affected its stability and processing, with glycosylation influencing which molecular forms circulate — important for clinical BNP/NT-proBNP assay accuracy.
Jiang, Jingjing; Pristera, Nicole; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Xiumei; Wu, Qingyu ·
A cystine-knot peptide based on agouti-related protein was labeled with 64Cu for PET imaging of tumors expressing αvβ3 integrin, demonstrating cyclotide scaffolds as stable cancer diagnostic imaging agents.
Jiang, Lei; Kimura, Richard H; Miao, Zheng; Silverman, Adam P; Ren, Gang; Liu, Hongguang; Li, Peiyong; Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam; Cochran, Jennifer R; Cheng, Zhen ·
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment shifted cytokine profiles from Th2-dominant (infection-permissive) to Th1-dominant (virus-fighting) in HBV patients with hepatitis B e-antigen, confirming its immune repolarization mechanism.
Jiang, Y-F; Ma, Z-H; Zhao, P-W; Pan, Y; Liu, Y-Y; Feng, J-Y; Niu, J-Q ·
Apelin and ACE2 form a cardiovascular protective axis — apelin through vasodilation and cardiac contractility, ACE2 through angiotensin II degradation — together opposing the harmful renin-angiotensin system.
Kalea, Anastasia Z; Batlle, Daniel ·
Pro-rich and octaarginine cell-penetrating peptides enhanced adenovirus vector cellular uptake, improving gene therapy delivery efficiency — peptides as tools to boost viral gene therapy.
Kida, Shinya; Eto, Yusuke; Yoshioka, Yasuo; Nakagawa, Shinsaku; Kawasaki, Koichi; Maeda, Mitsuko ·
A Tc-99m labeled triazole peptide binding c-Met receptor kinase was synthesized for tumor imaging, enabling detection of c-Met-positive cancers through nuclear medicine — peptide-based cancer diagnostics.
Kim, Eun-Mi; Joung, Min-Hee; Lee, Chang-Moon; Jeong, Hwan-Jeong; Lim, Seok Tae; Sohn, Myung-Hee; Kim, Dong Wook ·
GHRP-2, CRF, and desmopressin each produced distinct ACTH response patterns (concordant vs discordant with cortisol), revealing how different peptide stimuli engage the stress axis through different mechanisms.
Kimura, Takashi; Shimatsu, Akira; Arimura, Hiroshi; Mori, Hideki; Tokitou, Akinori; Fukudome, Michiyo; Nakazaki, Mitsuhiro; Tei, Chuwa ·
Ghrelin's roles extend far beyond GH secretion to include appetite regulation, cardiovascular protection, immune modulation, bone metabolism, and GI motility — a multi-system hormone update.
Kojima, Masayasu; Kangawa, Kenji ·
Recombinant self-assembling peptides designed through genetic engineering create customizable biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering — combining biological production with molecular design precision.
Kyle, Stuart; Aggeli, Amalia; Ingham, Eileen; McPherson, Michael J ·
GI hormones (GLP-1, GIP, CCK, gastrin) regulate pancreatic beta-cell mass through proliferation and anti-apoptosis, explaining how incretin drugs may preserve insulin production capacity in diabetes.
Lavine, Jeremy A; Attie, Alan D ·
The ghrelin system offers a novel therapeutic target for alcoholism — ghrelin receptor antagonists could reduce alcohol craving and consumption by blocking the hunger hormone's reward-promoting effects.
Leggio, L ·
Food physical form (liquid vs solid) and portion size independently affected postprandial appetite hormones (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, ghrelin) in older adults — practical meal design matters for appetite control in aging.
Leidy, Heather J; Apolzan, John W; Mattes, Richard D; Campbell, Wayne W ·
A designed peptide called P21 (Ac-DGGLAG-NH2), incorporating adamantane to improve brain penetration, enhanced learning, short-term memory, and spatial reference memory in normal adult mice when given peripherally (not requiring brain injection). P21 also stimulated neurogenesis — the birth of new neurons — and promoted their maturation into functional neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the brain region critical for memory formation.
Li, Bin; Wanka, Lukas; Blanchard, Julie; Liu, Fei; Chohan, Muhammad Omar; Iqbal, Khalid; Grundke-Iqbal, Inge · Animal
Updated comprehensive review of thymosin alpha-1 covering biological activities, clinical applications (hepatitis, cancer, vaccines, HIV), and genetic engineering production methods for commercial manufacturing.
Li, Juan; Liu, Chun Hui; Wang, Feng Shan ·
Ghrelin's role as the primary appetite-stimulating hormone is reviewed alongside its neuroendocrine functions including GH release, stress axis interaction, and reproductive regulation — the complete appetite-endocrine picture.
Lim, Chung Thong; Kola, Blerina; Korbonits, Márta; Grossman, Ashley B ·
Cortistatin (a somatostatin-related peptide) attenuated vascular calcification in rats, revealing a protective role against the arterial hardening that causes cardiovascular disease and death.
Liu, Yue; Zhou, Ye Bo; Zhang, Gai Gai; Cai, Yan; Duan, Xiao Hui; Teng, Xu; Song, Jun Qiu; Shi, Yi; Tang, Chao Shu; Yin, Xin Hua; Qi, Yong Fen ·
CCK knockout mice were resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity — paradoxically, losing the satiety hormone CCK protected against weight gain, suggesting CCK has complex metabolic roles beyond simple meal termination.
Lo, Chun-Min; King, Alexandra; Samuelson, Linda C; Kindel, Tammy Lyn; Rider, Therese; Jandacek, Ronald J; Raybould, Helen E; Woods, Stephen C; Tso, Patrick ·
Thymic hormones (thymosin alpha-1, thymulin) show anti-inflammatory properties beyond their known immune-enhancing effects, suppressing inflammatory cytokines and potentially treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
Lunin, Sergey M; Novoselova, Elena G ·
Bovine lactoferrin-derived peptides (lactoferricin, lactoferrampin, LFchimera) showed microbicidal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis — extending milk peptide protection to sexually transmitted parasitic infections.
López-Soto, Fernando; León-Sicairos, Nidia; Nazmi, Kamran; Bolscher, Jan G; de la Garza, Mireya ·
In a large randomized trial of 488 patients with metastatic melanoma, adding thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) to chemotherapy showed promising activity. The two best-performing groups — Tα1 3.2 mg + dacarbazine + interferon, and Tα1 3.2 mg + dacarbazine alone — had more tumor responses (10 and 12, respectively) than the control group (4 responses). Response duration was substantially longer with Tα1 (up to 23.2 months vs. max 8.4 months in controls). Median overall survival trended higher with Tα1 (9.4 vs. 6.6 months, HR 0.80, p=0.08) and progression-free survival showed a similar trend (HR 0.80, p=0.06). Neither reached statistical significance. Crucially, Tα1 added no extra toxicity to the treatment regimen.
Maio, Michele; Mackiewicz, Andrzej; Testori, Alessandro; Trefzer, Uwe; Ferraresi, Virginia; Jassem, Jacek; Garbe, Claus; Lesimple, Thierry; Guillot, Bernard; Gascon, Pere; Gilde, Katalin; Camerini, Roberto; Cognetti, Francesco · Rct
Neuropeptides (substance P, CGRP, VIP) mediate neurogenic inflammation on the eye surface, contributing to dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, and corneal wound healing — the neuroimmune basis of ocular surface disease.
Mantelli, Flavio; Micera, Alessandra; Sacchetti, Marta; Bonini, Stefano ·
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment altered expression of hundreds of genes in human lymphocytes, including immune response, signaling, and metabolic genes — the most comprehensive transcriptional view of thymosin alpha-1's immune effects.
Matteucci, Claudia; Minutolo, Antonella; Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Paola; Palamara, Anna Teresa; Rasi, Guido; Mastino, Antonio; Garaci, Enrico ·
Growth factors tethered to self-assembling peptide scaffolds synergistically improved liver cell function (DNA synthesis, albumin, urea) — combining biomaterial design with growth factor delivery for tissue engineering.
Mehta, Geeta; Williams, Courtney M; Alvarez, Luis; Lesniewski, Martha; Kamm, Roger D; Griffith, Linda G ·
Peripheral sensory and sympathetic nerves regulated vascular ICAM-1 and selectin expression through neuropeptide release, demonstrating neural-vascular inflammation control relevant to atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease.
Mousa, Shaaban A; Shaqura, Mohammed; Brendl, Ute; Al-Khrasani, Mahmoud; Fürst, Susanna; Schäfer, Michael ·
Thymosin alpha-1 combined with IRX-2 (a multi-cytokine biologic) showed enhanced anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models — supporting combination immunotherapy approaches for cancer treatment.
Naylor, Paul H; Hadden, John W ·
Synthetic peptide TPLVTLFK bound to a non-opioid beta-endorphin receptor on rat brain membranes, confirming the existence of non-classical opioid receptors that mediate endorphin effects beyond pain relief.
Nekrasova, Yuliia N; Sadovnikov, Vladimir B; Zolotarev, Yury A; Navolotskaya, Elena V ·
Updated review of ghrelin's appetite and adiposity pathways, including newly identified molecular mechanisms for fat accumulation and energy expenditure modulation through hypothalamic and peripheral circuits.
Nogueiras, Ruben; Williams, Lynda M; Dieguez, Carlos ·
Alginate (seaweed fiber) supplementation increased satiation, reduced appetite, and modified gut hormone responses (GLP-1, PYY, CCK) in overweight/obese humans — a natural fiber supplement for appetite control.
Odunsi, Suwebatu T; Vázquez-Roque, María I; Camilleri, Michael; Papathanasopoulos, Athanasios; Clark, Matthew M; Wodrich, Lynne; Lempke, Mary; McKinzie, Sanna; Ryks, Michael; Burton, Duane; Zinsmeister, Alan R ·
An LC-MS/MS method was developed to detect GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) and its metabolite in human urine for anti-doping purposes — enabling detection of GH peptide use in sports.
Okano, Masato; Sato, Mitsuhiko; Ikekita, Ayako; Kageyama, Shinji ·
Neuropeptide S (NPS) has a unique dual action in the brain: it simultaneously increases wakefulness and arousal while producing anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. NPS reduces acute fear responses and modulates long-term fear memory — attenuating contextual fear and enhancing fear extinction. At the circuit level, NPS increases glutamate release in the amygdala, particularly at synapses contacting GABAergic interneurons involved in processing fear. NPS-producing neurons are concentrated in a few brainstem clusters, and the NPS receptor is a highly conserved G-protein-coupled receptor. Human genetic studies have linked polymorphisms in the NPS receptor gene to altered sleep behavior and panic disorder.
Pape, Hans-Christian; Jüngling, Kay; Seidenbecher, Thomas; Lesting, Jörg; Reinscheid, Rainer K · Review
Lactic acid bacteria (probiotics) hydrolyzed lactoferricin, reducing its antimicrobial activity — revealing that the gut microbiome can modify antimicrobial peptide function, with implications for probiotic-peptide interactions.
Paul, Moushumi; Somkuti, George A ·
Ghrelin-family peptides (ghrelin, obestatin, motilin-related) regulate both appetite and GI motility through related receptor systems, with dual-function therapeutic implications for gastroparesis and appetite disorders.
Perboni, Simona; Inui, Akio ·
Thymosin alpha-1 enhanced immune reconstitution after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation, reducing infection risk during the critical immune-depleted period — peptide immunotherapy for transplant patients.
Perruccio, Katia; Bonifazi, Pierluigi; Topini, Fabiana; Tosti, Antonella; Bozza, Silvia; Aloisi, Teresa; Carotti, Alessandra; Aversa, Franco; Martelli, Massimo F; Romani, Luigina; Velardi, Andrea ·
BPC-157 improved muscle healing that was impaired by systemic corticosteroid administration in rats, demonstrating its ability to counteract steroid-induced healing failure in skeletal muscle.
Pevec, Danira; Novinscak, Tomislav; Brcic, Luka; Sipos, Kristijan; Jukic, Ivana; Staresinic, Mario; Mise, Sandro; Brcic, Iva; Kolenc, Danijela; Klicek, Robert; Banic, Tihomir; Sever, Marko; Kocijan, Ana; Berkopic, Lidija; Radic, Bozo; Buljat, Gojko; Anic, Tomislav; Zoricic, Ivan; Bojanic, Ivan; Seiwerth, Sven; Sikiric, Predrag ·
Analysis of peptides surviving simulated GI digestion of milk proteins revealed both beneficial bioactive peptides (opioid, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory) and potentially concerning sequences — digestion determines bioavailability.
Picariello, Gianluca; Ferranti, Pasquale; Fierro, Olga; Mamone, Gianfranco; Caira, Simonetta; Di Luccia, Aldo; Monica, Stefano; Addeo, Francesco ·
Thymosin alpha-1 acts as a 'regulator of regulators' — modulating not just immune cells directly but controlling dendritic cell programming, TLR signaling, and regulatory T-cell generation for balanced immune orchestration.
Pierluigi, Bonifazi; D'Angelo, Carmen; Fallarino, Francesca; Moretti, Silvia; Zelante, Teresa; Bozza, Silvia; De Luca, Antonella; Bistoni, Francesco; Garaci, Enrico; Romani, Luigina ·
Differential pharmacology comparison of liraglutide and exenatide for T2DM: liraglutide's once-daily dosing, greater HbA1c reduction, and more consistent weight loss versus exenatide's twice-daily profile.
Pinkney, Jonathan; Fox, Thomas; Ranganath, Lakshminarayan ·