Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Exenatide (GLP-1 receptor agonist) adds significant value to type 2 diabetes management through glucose-dependent insulin secretion, weight loss, and potential beta-cell preservation — clinical evidence review.
van Genugten, Renate E; van Raalte, Daniël H; Diamant, Michaela ·
GnRH agonist/testosterone clamp studies in men revealed that factors other than sex steroids (likely body composition, age, stress) modulate GHRH and GHRP-2 efficacy for GH release — multi-factorial GH regulation.
Veldhuis, Johannes D; Bowers, Cyril Y ·
Novel statistical relationships between age, visceral adiposity, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein concentrations revealed complex multi-directional interactions that change the GH/IGF-1 axis during aging.
Veldhuis, Johannes D; Keenan, Daniel M; Bailey, Joy N; Adeniji, Adebordurin M; Miles, John M; Bowers, Cyril Y ·
Ipamorelin (ghrelin mimetic) improved postoperative ileus in rats, restoring gut motility after surgery — positioning this selective GH secretagogue as a potential treatment for the common problem of post-surgical gut shutdown.
Venkova, Kalina; Mann, William; Nelson, Richard; Greenwood-Van Meerveld, Beverley ·
A novel NPY Y5 receptor antagonist showed both anxiolytic and anorectic effects in rats, identifying Y5 as a dual target for anxiety and obesity — two conditions that frequently coexist.
Walker, Mary W; Wolinsky, Toni D; Jubian, Vrej; Chandrasena, Gamini; Zhong, Huailing; Huang, Xinyan; Miller, Silke; Hegde, Laxminarayan G; Marsteller, Douglas A; Marzabadi, Mohammad R; Papp, Mariusz; Overstreet, David H; Gerald, Christophe P G; Craig, Douglas A ·
NBI-6024, an altered peptide ligand designed to inhibit autoreactive T-cells, failed to preserve beta-cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients across all three doses tested. Mean peak C-peptide concentrations at 24 months were nearly identical across groups: 0.59 pmol/ml (0.1 mg), 0.57 pmol/ml (0.5 mg), 0.48 pmol/ml (1.0 mg), and 0.54 pmol/ml (placebo). C-peptide levels declined by approximately 60% over 24 months in all groups. Daily insulin needs at month 24 were comparable between groups. No treatment-related changes in islet antibodies or T-cell numbers were observed, suggesting the peptide failed to modulate the immune response as intended.
Walter, Markus; Philotheou, Areti; Bonnici, François; Ziegler, Anette-G; Jimenez, Roland ·
Pericardial fluid natriuretic peptide levels more directly reflected local cardiac stress than plasma levels in heart failure patients, confirming the heart as the primary source of BNP during failure.
Watanabe, Masazumi; Kawaguchi, Satoru; Nakahara, Hideki; Hachimaru, Tsuyoshi ·
Plasma apelin concentration was significantly depressed following acute MI in humans, identifying apelin as a potential new cardiac biomarker that decreases (unlike BNP which increases) during heart attack.
Weir, Robin A P; Chong, Kwok Shiong; Dalzell, Jonathan R; Petrie, Colin J; Murphy, Charles A; Steedman, Tracey; Mark, Patrick B; McDonagh, Theresa A; Dargie, Henry J; McMurray, John J V ·
Clinical trial evidence for incretin-based diabetes therapies (GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors) demonstrated HbA1c reduction, weight management, and cardiovascular safety — validating the incretin drug class.
White, John ·
Exercise testing in AF patients produced significant ANP and BNP increases, with post-exercise peptide levels providing additional diagnostic information for assessing cardiac function during AF.
Wozakowska-Kapłon, Beata; Opolski, Grzegorz ·
CB1a, a rationally designed anticancer peptide, showed selective tumor cell killing through membrane disruption with characterized 3D structure — demonstrating successful de novo anticancer peptide engineering.
Wu, Jiun-Ming; Jan, Pey-Shynan; Yu, Hui-Chen; Haung, Hsu-Yuang; Fang, Huey-Jen; Chang, Yuan-I; Cheng, Jya-Wei; Chen, Hueih Min ·
Macrocyclic inhibitors targeting the serine protease plasmin showed potent enzyme inhibition, advancing macrocyclic drug design for controlling excessive blood clot dissolution — relevant to bleeding disorders.
Xue, Fengtian; Seto, Christopher T ·
Carperitide (ANP analog) infusion increased plasma adiponectin in acute decompensated heart failure patients with diabetes, revealing a beneficial metabolic effect of natriuretic peptide therapy.
Yamaji, Masayuki; Tsutamoto, Takayoshi; Tanaka, Toshinari; Kawahara, Chiho; Nishiyama, Keizo; Yamamoto, Takashi; Fujii, Masanori; Horie, Minoru ·
AVP antinociception in the nucleus raphe magnus was mediated by both endogenous opioid peptides and serotonin, revealing dual-neurotransmitter signaling for vasopressin's pain control in the brainstem.
Yang, Jun; Yuan, Huifeng; Chu, Jiegen; Yang, Yu; Xu, Hongtao; Wang, Gen; Liu, Wen-Yan; Lin, Bao-Cheng ·
Analgesia from hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus vasopressin involved endogenous opioid peptide release in the spinal cord, establishing a hypothalamic-spinal vasopressin-opioid pain control axis.
Yang, Jun; Yang, Yu; Chu, Jiegen; Wang, Gen; Xu, Hongtao; Liu, Wen-Yan; Wang, Cheng-Hai; Lin, Bao-Cheng ·
Ghrelin production is regulated by meal timing, macronutrients, hormones (insulin, leptin, GH), neural signals, and disease states — a multi-factorial regulation system that explains ghrelin's complex dynamics.
Yin, Xuefeng; Li, Yin; Xu, Geyang; An, Wenjiao; Zhang, Weizhen ·
Combining self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma created an injectable bone regeneration system — a practical bone repair technology.
Yoshimi, Ryoko; Yamada, Yoichi; Ito, Kenji; Nakamura, Sayaka; Abe, Akihiro; Nagasaka, Tetsuro; Okabe, Kazuto; Kohgo, Tomoyuki; Baba, Shunsuke; Ueda, Minoru ·
Hyperbaric oxygen produced prolonged pain relief through a NO-dependent, opioid-mediated mechanism — both nitric oxide signaling and endogenous opioid peptide release were required for the analgesic effect.
Zelinski, Lisa M; Ohgami, Yusuke; Chung, Eunhee; Shirachi, Donald Y; Quock, Raymond M ·
Self-assembled peptide hydrogels serve as versatile scaffolds for anchorage-dependent cell culture, supporting various cell types for tissue engineering — from concept to practical application review.
Zhou, Mi; Smith, Andrew M; Das, Apurba K; Hodson, Nigel W; Collins, Richard F; Ulijn, Rein V; Gough, Julie E ·
VIP deficiency impaired T-cell infiltration into brain tissue and paradoxically increased resistance to EAE (MS model), revealing VIP's complex role in both enabling and modulating brain autoimmune inflammation.
Abad, Catalina; Tan, Yossan-Var; Lopez, Robert; Nobuta, Hiroko; Dong, Hongmei; Phan, Phu; Feng, Ji-Ming; Campagnoni, Anthony T; Waschek, James A ·
Diminished endometrial ghrelin and GHS-R expression was associated with infertility in women, suggesting the uterine ghrelin system is necessary for successful embryo implantation and early pregnancy.
Aghajanova, Lusine; Rumman, Amani; Altmäe, Signe; Wånggren, Kjell; Stavreus-Evers, Anneli ·
VIP induced cell cycle arrest in human T-cells while simultaneously activating regulatory (suppressive) functions, providing the cellular mechanism for VIP's immunosuppressive therapeutic effects.
Anderson, Per; Gonzalez-Rey, Elena ·
Detailed biophysical study of lactoferricin B interaction with phospholipid monolayers and bilayers revealed specific membrane insertion mechanisms that explain its antimicrobial selectivity.
Arseneault, Marjolaine; Bédard, Sarah; Boulet-Audet, Maxime; Pézolet, Michel ·
GLP-1's effects on gastric emptying, appetite, and food intake were investigated for amylin co-release involvement in humans, finding that GLP-1's actions are largely independent of amylin — separate satiety pathways.
Asmar, Meena; Bache, Michael; Knop, Filip K; Madsbad, Sten; Holst, Jens J ·
A GHRH antagonist modulated telomerase activity, oxidative stress markers, and longevity indicators in mice, revealing the GHRH-GH axis's direct connection to fundamental aging mechanisms.
Banks, William A; Morley, John E; Farr, Susan A; Price, Tulin O; Ercal, Nuran; Vidaurre, Irving; Schally, Andrew V ·
Intratumoral injection of a cationic anticancer peptide not only killed local tumor cells but generated systemic anti-tumor immunity (therapeutic vaccination effect) that protected against distant tumor challenge.
Berge, Gerd; Eliassen, Liv Tone; Camilio, Ketil Andre; Bartnes, Kristian; Sveinbjørnsson, Baldur; Rekdal, Oystein ·
GLP-1 receptor agonists including liraglutide caused thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and calcitonin release in rodents through a GLP-1 receptor-mediated mechanism. However, this effect appears species-specific: human and monkey thyroid C-cells had low GLP-1 receptor expression, GLP-1 agonists did not activate calcitonin release in primate cells, and 20 months of liraglutide treatment at >60x human exposure did not cause C-cell hyperplasia in monkeys. In human patients treated with liraglutide for 2 years, calcitonin levels remained at the lower end of normal with no meaningful increase above clinically relevant thresholds.
Bjerre Knudsen, Lotte; Madsen, Lars Wichmann; Andersen, Søren; Almholt, Kasper; de Boer, Anne S; Drucker, Daniel J; Gotfredsen, Carsten; Egerod, Frederikke Lihme; Hegelund, Anne Charlotte; Jacobsen, Helene; Jacobsen, Søren Dyring; Moses, Alan C; Mølck, Anne-Marie; Nielsen, Henriette S; Nowak, Jette; Solberg, Helene; Thi, Tu D L; Zdravkovic, Milan; Moerch, Ulrik · Animal
Solid-phase synthesis of a pentavalent GalNAc glycopeptide representing the IgA nephropathy-associated Tn antigen enables research into this kidney disease's immune mechanism and potential vaccine approaches.
Bolscher, Jan G M; Brevoord, Judith; Nazmi, Kamran; Ju, Tongzhong; Veerman, Enno C I; van Wijk, Joanna A E; Cummings, Richard D; van Die, Irma ·
Porcine pepsinogen was rationally redesigned to incorporate an antimicrobial peptide sequence, creating a fusion protein that retains both digestive enzyme activity and antibacterial properties — a dual-function gastric protector.
Bryksa, Brian C; Horimoto, Yasumi; Yada, Rickey Y ·
Alpha-MSH C-terminal peptides beyond the known KPV pharmacophore showed anti-inflammatory activity, revealing the C-terminal signal extends further than the classic tripeptide — expanded anti-inflammatory peptide toolkit.
Brzoska, Thomas; Böhm, Markus; Lügering, Andreas; Loser, Karin; Luger, Thomas A ·
LL-37 — the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide — does far more than kill bacteria. This review catalogs its many roles: it kills a broad range of microorganisms, neutralizes bacterial toxins (LPS) to prevent septic shock, attracts immune cells to infection sites, prevents neutrophil death, stimulates new blood vessel growth, promotes tissue repair, and triggers cytokine release. Its production is regulated by vitamin D (which explains the sun exposure-immunity connection), bacterial products, and oxygen levels. However, at inflamed sites, DNA and proteins from dead cells can neutralize LL-37, limiting its effectiveness.
Bucki, Robert; Leszczyńska, Katarzyna; Namiot, Andrzej; Sokołowski, Wojciech · Review
BPC-157 (PL 14736) accelerated medial collateral ligament healing in rats with improved biomechanical and histological outcomes, extending its musculoskeletal healing from tendons and muscles to ligaments.
Cerovecki, Tomislav; Bojanic, Ivan; Brcic, Luka; Radic, Bozo; Vukoja, Ivan; Seiwerth, Sven; Sikiric, Predrag ·
Systematic optimization of the native glucagon sequence produced analogs with improved stability, selectivity, and pharmacokinetics for potential dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist obesity and diabetes drugs.
Chabenne, Joseph R; DiMarchi, Maria A; Gelfanov, Vasily M; DiMarchi, Richard D ·
Thymosin alpha-1 fused to human serum albumin (HSA) achieved dramatically extended half-life while retaining immunostimulatory activity — enabling less frequent dosing for sustained immune therapy.
Chen, Jian-Hua; Zhang, Xin-Guo; Jiang, Yu-Tao; Yan, Lu-Ying; Tang, Li; Yin, Yi-Wei; Cheng, Dai-Shuang; Chen, Jing; Wang, Min ·
Advanced mass spectrometry techniques enabled more efficient cyclotide discovery, sequencing, and characterization — expanding the known cyclotide family and accelerating drug scaffold identification.
Colgrave, Michelle L; Poth, Aaron G; Kaas, Quentin; Craik, David J ·
Chimeric peptides combining regions of peptide E and beta-endorphin revealed distinct structural requirements for mu vs delta opioid receptor activation, guiding design of receptor-selective opioid analgesics.
Condamine, Eric; Courchay, Karine; Rego, Jean-Claude Do; Leprince, Jérôme; Mayer, Catherine; Davoust, Daniel; Costentin, Jean; Vaudry, Hubert ·
Updated cyclotide review covering drug design applications (stable scaffolds for oral drugs) and agricultural uses (insecticidal, antimicrobial) — nature's circular peptides finding practical applications.
Craik, David J; Mylne, Joshua S; Daly, Norelle L ·
Nutraceutical proteins and peptides (lactoferricin, soy peptides, casein-derived) showed anticancer activities including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and metastasis suppression — food-derived cancer fighters.
de Mejia, Elvira Gonzalez; Dia, Vermont P ·
Direct comparison of ghrelin, GHRP-6, and GHRH effects on GH, ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin in humans revealed distinct hormonal profiles — guiding clinical selection of the optimal GH stimulation test.
de Sá, Larissa Bianca Paiva Cunha; Nascif, Sergio Oliva; Correa-Silva, Silvia Regina; Molica, Patricia; Vieira, José Gilberto Henriques; Dib, Sergio Atala; Lengyel, Ana-Maria Judith ·
Ghrelin's energy homeostasis effects span short-term meal-to-meal appetite stimulation and long-term body weight/composition regulation, with different mechanisms and therapeutic implications for each timescale.
De Vriese, Carine; Perret, Jason; Delporte, Christine ·
Gastrointestinal appetite targets span mechanoreceptors (stomach distension), gut peptides (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, ghrelin), nutrient sensors, and microbiome-derived signals — the complete GI appetite regulation toolkit.
Delzenne, N; Blundell, J; Brouns, F; Cunningham, K; De Graaf, K; Erkner, A; Lluch, A; Mars, M; Peters, H P F; Westerterp-Plantenga, M ·
GHRH and its synthetic agonists accelerated wound healing through direct cellular effects (fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis) and GH/IGF-1 mediation — a new wound healing application for the GH-axis.
Dioufa, Nikolina; Schally, Andrew V; Chatzistamou, Ioulia; Moustou, Evi; Block, Norman L; Owens, Gary K; Papavassiliou, Athanasios G; Kiaris, Hippokratis ·
The ghrelin receptor's constitutive activity (always partially active) can be blocked by inverse agonists, which reduce the receptor's baseline signaling — a more effective obesity strategy than simple antagonism.
Els, Sylvia; Beck-Sickinger, Annette G; Chollet, Constance ·
Thymosin alpha-1 was produced from its bacterial recombinant precursor via non-enzymatic acetylation, simplifying manufacturing by eliminating the need for enzymatic N-terminal acetylation.
Esipov, Roman S; Stepanenko, Vasily N; Beyrakhova, Ksenia A; Muravjeva, Tatjana I; Miroshnikov, Anatoly I ·
An enhanced bovine lactoferricin variant (LfcinB-W10) was expressed and purified from E. coli with retained antimicrobial activity — manufacturing the optimized peptide for practical antimicrobial use.
Feng, Xingjun; Liu, Chunlong; Guo, Jiayin; Bi, Chongpeng; Cheng, Baojing; Li, Zhongyu; Shan, Anshan; Li, Zhongqiu ·
Lactoferricin B-derived peptides inhibited endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)-dependent vasoconstriction, adding blood pressure regulation through endothelin pathway to antimicrobial and ACE-inhibitory activities — triple cardiovascular function.
Fernández-Musoles, Ricardo; López-Díez, José Javier; Torregrosa, Germán; Vallés, Salvador; Alborch, Enrique; Manzanares, Paloma; Salom, Juan B ·
Multiple antimicrobial peptides showed synergistic cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease parasite) and host bacteria, identifying peptide combination therapy for this neglected tropical disease.
Fieck, Annabeth; Hurwitz, Ivy; Kang, Angray S; Durvasula, Ravi ·
Bovine lactoferrin, lactoferricin, lactoferrampin, and LFchimera all killed antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and Streptococcus species, demonstrating the milk-derived peptide family's activity against dangerous resistant pathogens.
Flores-Villaseñor, Héctor; Canizalez-Román, Adrian; Reyes-Lopez, Magda; Nazmi, Kamram; de la Garza, Mireya; Zazueta-Beltrán, Jorge; León-Sicairos, Nidia; Bolscher, Jan G M ·
Cathepsin L was identified as uniquely essential for processing neuropeptide precursors in secretory vesicles, revealing how the body manufactures its own bioactive peptides from larger precursor proteins.
Funkelstein, Lydiane; Beinfeld, Margery; Minokadeh, Ardalan; Zadina, James; Hook, Vivian ·
Specific dietary proteins released different patterns of satiety hormones (GLP-1, CCK, PYY) from human versus mouse intestinal cells, highlighting species differences that affect translating appetite research from animals to humans.
Geraedts, Maartje C P; Troost, Freddy J; Tinnemans, Rik; Söderholm, Johan D; Brummer, Robert-Jan; Saris, Wim H M ·