Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Acute ethanol released opioid peptides (endorphin, enkephalin) from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine reward center measured by microdialysis — the molecular event linking alcohol to pleasure.
Jarjour, Samuel; Bai, Li; Gianoulakis, Christina ·
Long-term exercise training in overweight adolescents improved PYY (satiety peptide) and resistin (inflammatory adipokine) levels, with hormonal changes correlating with improved body composition.
Jones, Terry E; Basilio, J L; Brophy, P M; McCammon, M R; Hickner, R C ·
Co-assembling peptides created defined matrices optimized for endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and function — precisely engineered peptide biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering.
Jung, Jangwook P; Nagaraj, Arun K; Fox, Emily K; Rudra, Jai S; Devgun, Jason M; Collier, Joel H ·
Higher viscosity oat bran beverages produced greater GLP-1 and PYY satiety hormone responses in healthy humans, demonstrating that food physical properties (not just nutrients) affect appetite hormone release.
Juvonen, Kristiina R; Purhonen, Anna-Kaisa; Salmenkallio-Marttila, Marjatta; Lähteenmäki, Liisa; Laaksonen, David E; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Uusitupa, Matti I J; Poutanen, Kaisa S; Karhunen, Leila J ·
Updated comprehensive review of PYY3-36's role in appetite regulation and obesity, covering physiology, clinical evidence, therapeutic potential, and challenges including dose-related nausea concerns.
Karra, Efthimia; Chandarana, Keval; Batterham, Rachel L ·
BPC-157 showed anti-inflammatory effects in experimental periodontitis in rats, reducing gingival inflammation and tissue destruction — extending its anti-inflammatory healing to dental/oral applications.
Keremi, B; Lohinai, Z; Komora, P; Duhaj, S; Borsi, K; Jobbagy-Ovari, G; Kallo, K; Szekely, A D; Fazekas, A; Dobo-Nagy, C; Sikiric, P; Varga, G ·
The GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 protected dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting microglial activation and MMP-3 expression, establishing a neuroprotective role for incretin drugs in Parkinson's-like neurodegeneration.
Kim, Sehee; Moon, Minho; Park, Seungjoon ·
Duodenal enteroendocrine cells released endogenous opioid peptides (beta-endorphin) in response to nutrients through TRPM5 taste channels — the gut has its own opioid signaling triggered by food tasting at the intestinal level.
Kokrashvili, Zaza; Rodriguez, Deniliz; Yevshayeva, Valeriya; Zhou, Hang; Margolskee, Robert F; Mosinger, Bedrich ·
GHRP-2 increased upper GI contractile activity and food intake in conscious rats through combined hypothalamic and direct gut effects, confirming its dual appetite + motility mechanism for potential gastroparesis treatment.
Kudoh, Katsuyoshi; Shibata, Chikashi; Funayama, Yuji; Fukushima, Kouhei; Ueno, Tatsuya; Hayashi, Keiichi; Inui, Akio; Bowers, Cyril Y; Sasaki, Iwao ·
All-atom computational modeling revealed how hydrocarbon staples stabilize alpha-helical conformation in peptides, providing the molecular design rules for creating stable stapled peptide drugs.
Kutchukian, Peter S; Yang, Jae Shick; Verdine, Gregory L; Shakhnovich, Eugene I ·
Updated review of thymosin alpha-1's clinical applications: hepatitis B/C treatment, cancer immunotherapy adjuvancy, vaccine response enhancement, HIV immune reconstitution, and emerging sepsis applications.
Këlliçi, Sueli; Burazeri, Genc ·
Immune cell-derived opioid peptides protected against neuropathic pain in mice, demonstrating that the peripheral immune-opioid system is effective not just for inflammatory pain but also for nerve injury pain.
Labuz, Dominika; Schmidt, Yvonne; Schreiter, Anja; Rittner, Heike L; Mousa, Shaaban A; Machelska, Halina ·
The ghrelin receptor's constitutive activity (signaling without ghrelin) protected cells from apoptosis through a PKC-dependent survival pathway — the receptor's baseline activity has its own biological function.
Lau, Pui Ngan; Chow, Kevin B S; Chan, Chi-Bun; Cheng, Christopher H K; Wise, Helen ·
Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) played a role in intestinal defense against microsporidian parasites, with peptide-deficient organisms showing increased susceptibility to these opportunistic gut infections.
Leitch, G J; Ceballos, C ·
Lactoferrin and the lactoferricin-lactoferrampin chimera (LFchimera) showed bactericidal activity against the halophilic seafood pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus — extending milk-derived peptide protection to food safety.
Leon-Sicairos, Nidia; Canizalez-Roman, Adrian; de la Garza, Mireya; Reyes-Lopez, Magda; Zazueta-Beltran, Jorge; Nazmi, Kamran; Gomez-Gil, Bruno; Bolscher, Jan G ·
Whey protein potentiated GLP-2's intestinal growth-promoting effects in parenterally fed rats, demonstrating protein nutrition enhances gut peptide-driven intestinal repair — relevant for malnourished and TPN patients.
Liu, Xiaowen; Murali, Sangita G; Holst, Jens J; Ney, Denise M ·
The new PEG-modified RGD dimer tracer (18F-FP-P-PRGD2) demonstrated enhanced integrin αvβ3 binding affinity compared to the non-PEGylated version (18F-FP-P-RGD2). In U87MG tumor-bearing mice, the PEGylated tracer showed increased tumor uptake and improved tumor-to-background ratios. MicroPET imaging revealed high tumor contrast with low background signal. Biodistribution studies confirmed that uptake was specifically driven by integrin αvβ3 binding. The tracer also successfully imaged integrin expression on activated endothelial cells in a 4T1 murine breast tumor model, demonstrating its ability to visualize tumor neovasculature.
Liu, Zhaofei; Liu, Shuanglong; Wang, Fan; Liu, Shuang; Chen, Xiaoyuan · Preclinical Imaging
Combined CCK-8 and apolipoprotein AIV administration affected intestinal lymphatic lipid transport, revealing coordinated peptide regulation of dietary fat absorption and processing.
Lo, Chun-Min; Xu, Min; Yang, Qing; Zheng, Shuqin; Carey, Katherine M; Tubb, Matthew R; Davidson, W Sean; Liu, Min; Woods, Stephen C; Tso, Patrick ·
CCK modulates cardiovascular function through both central and peripheral mechanisms, affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output — the satiety hormone also regulates the heart.
Lovick, Thelma A ·
Short peptide hormones (VIP, alpha-MSH/KPV, CGRP, cortistatin) demonstrate potent anti-autoimmune activity through Treg generation, dendritic cell tolerization, and inflammatory cytokine suppression — natural immunosuppressants.
Lühder, F; Lee, D H; Gold, R; Stegbauer, J; Linker, R A ·
Fat saturation affected satiety hormones differently: saturated fat produced different CCK, GLP-1, and PYY responses than unsaturated fat, with implications for dietary fat type recommendations for appetite management.
Maljaars, Jeroen; Romeyn, Emma A; Haddeman, Edward; Peters, Harry P F; Masclee, Ad A M ·
Enkephalins, dynorphins, and beta-endorphin were mapped by immunofluorescence colocalization in the rat dorsal horn, revealing specific neurons that co-express multiple opioid families for integrated pain control.
Marvizón, Juan Carlos G; Chen, Wenling; Murphy, Niall ·
Self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds (RADA16) as wound dressings significantly improved healing of deep partial-thickness burns in rats and rabbits — from lab technology to practical wound care application.
Meng, Hui; Chen, Liyan; Ye, Zhaoyang; Wang, Songtao; Zhao, Xiaojun ·
Des-acyl ghrelin fragments dilated rat blood vessels by activating potassium channels through a non-GHS-R1a pathway, confirming des-acyl ghrelin has its own vascular effects independent of the classical ghrelin receptor.
Moazed, Banafsheh; Quest, Dale; Gopalakrishnan, Venkat ·
Updated review of gut peptide appetite regulation: GLP-1, PYY, CCK, oxyntomodulin, and ghrelin as the major players, with GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin agonists leading clinical development for obesity.
Moran, T H ·
Direct comparison of BNP, NT-proBNP, and NT-proANP for Chagas disease cardiac prognosis found NT-proBNP was the strongest predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in this neglected tropical disease.
Moreira, Maria da Consolação V; Wang, Yong; Heringer-Walther, Silvia; Wessel, Niels; Walther, Thomas ·
Detailed comparison of GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide, liraglutide) and DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin) covering structural chemistry, mechanism differences, pharmacology, and clinical positioning.
Neumiller, Joshua J ·
Review of type 2 diabetes pharmacotherapy in elderly patients, with GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors offering advantages of low hypoglycemia risk and weight neutrality/loss — important for frail older patients.
Neumiller, Joshua J; Setter, Stephen M ·
NT-proBNP more accurately reflected cardiac status during carperitide (ANP analog) infusion than BNP, because BNP levels are directly affected by the drug while NT-proBNP is not — important for monitoring natriuretic peptide therapy.
Nishiyama, Keizo; Tsutamoto, Takayoshi; Tanaka, Toshinari; Fujii, Masanori; Yamamoto, Takashi; Yamaji, Masayuki; Horie, Minoru ·
VIP induced alloantigen-specific human regulatory T-cells that could prevent transplant rejection, advancing neuropeptide-based tolerance induction for organ transplantation.
Pozo, David; Anderson, Per; Gonzalez-Rey, Elena ·
Using label-free LC-MS, researchers detected and quantified approximately 6,000 polypeptide ions in undigested urine from 39 CAD patients and 32 controls. Key findings: - Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all peptides successfully separated CAD patients from controls - Specific peptides from uromodulin and kininogen were significantly more abundant in controls than CAD patients - Two specific ions (m/z 645.59 and m/z 642.61) differentiated between different forms of CAD with 90% sensitivity and specificity in the training set and ~70% in independent validation - Low uromodulin expression (m/z 638.03) combined with high expression of m/z 642.61 diagnosed CAD in virtually all cases - Results were further validated using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments
Quintana, Luis F; Campistol, Josep M; Alcolea, Maria P; Bañon-Maneus, Elisenda; Sol-González, Amandaé; Cutillas, Pedro R ·
Ghrelin was detected in prepubertal pig ovarian follicles at varying levels across developmental stages, confirming a local ovarian ghrelin system that may regulate follicle development and fertility.
Rak, Agnieszka; Gregoraszczuk, Ewa Ł ·
GLP-1 agonists and amylin analogs show potential as adjunct therapies for type 1 diabetes in children, improving glycemic control and potentially reducing insulin requirements alongside standard insulin therapy.
Raman, Vandana S; Heptulla, Rubina A ·
Neutrophil-released opioid peptides produced pain relief in non-inflamed tissue when triggered by hypertonic stimulation, demonstrating immune-derived opioid analgesia extends beyond inflammatory contexts — broader peripheral pain control.
Rittner, H L; Hackel, D; Yamdeu, R-S; Mousa, S A; Stein, C; Schäfer, M; Brack, A ·
Mycobacteria activated formyl peptide receptors on neutrophils to release opioid peptides, providing local pain relief during infection — bacteria inadvertently trigger the host's own pain control system.
Rittner, Heike L; Hackel, Dagmar; Voigt, Philipp; Mousa, Shaaban; Stolz, Andrea; Labuz, Dominika; Schäfer, Michael; Schaefer, Michael; Stein, Christoph; Brack, Alexander ·
CJC-1295 (long-acting GHRH analog) activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis produced measurable serum protein profile changes in healthy adults, revealing systemic metabolic effects beyond just hormone elevation.
Sackmann-Sala, Lucila; Ding, Juan; Frohman, Lawrence A; Kopchick, John J ·
Collagen hydrolysates from salmon and trout skins improved lipid profiles (reduced LDL, increased HDL) in rats, demonstrating cardiovascular benefits of marine collagen peptides beyond skin/joint health.
Saito, Masataka; Kiyose, Chikako; Higuchi, Tomoyuki; Uchida, Naoyuki; Suzuki, Hiramitsu ·
Novel GHS-R1A antagonists reduced food intake and altered hypothalamic neuron firing patterns in rats, validating ghrelin receptor blockade as an appetite-suppressing mechanism for obesity drug development.
Salomé, Nicolas; Haage, David; Perrissoud, Daniel; Moulin, Aline; Demange, Luc; Egecioglu, Emil; Fehrentz, Jean-Alain; Martinez, Jean; Dickson, Suzanne L ·
Smaller intraduodenal fat emulsion droplets produced greater CCK and GLP-1 release and stronger appetite suppression in humans, demonstrating that food processing (particle size) determines satiety hormone response.
Seimon, Radhika V; Wooster, Timothy; Otto, Bärbel; Golding, Matthew; Day, Li; Little, Tanya J; Horowitz, Michael; Clifton, Peter M; Feinle-Bisset, Christine ·
BPC-157 improved adaptation and outcomes in short bowel syndrome rats, enhancing intestinal adaptation after massive bowel resection — a potential therapy for this devastating surgical condition.
Sever, Marko; Klicek, Robert; Radic, Bozo; Brcic, Luka; Zoricic, Ivan; Drmic, Domagoj; Ivica, Mihovil; Barisic, Ivan; Ilic, Spomenko; Berkopic, Lidija; Blagaic, Alenka Boban; Coric, Marijana; Kolenc, Danijela; Vrcic, Hrvoje; Anic, Tomislav; Seiwerth, Sven; Sikiric, Predrag ·
Direct isolated stomach studies revealed nutrients (glucose), acetylcholine, CCK, and insulin each directly regulate ghrelin secretion, with glucose and insulin suppressing and acetylcholine stimulating release.
Shrestha, Yogendra B; Wickwire, Kathie; Giraudo, Silvia Q ·
Plasma ANP concentrations correlated with echocardiographic left atrial and left ventricular dimensions, confirming natriuretic peptides reflect cardiac remodeling in a clinical veterinary/comparative cardiology context.
Sielski, Janusz; Janion, Marianna; Gawor, Zenon; Ciuraszkiewicz, Katarzyna; Sielska, Maria Rebeka ·
BPC-157 healed unhealing gastrocutaneous fistulas in rats, modeling treatment of persistent skin wounds and fistulas — addressing one of surgery's most challenging healing problems.
Skorjanec, Sandra; Dolovski, Zdravko; Kocman, Ivan; Brcic, Luka; Blagaic Boban, Alenka; Batelja, Lovorka; Coric, Marjana; Sever, Marko; Klicek, Robert; Berkopic, Lidija; Radic, Bozo; Drmic, Domagoj; Kolenc, Danijela; Ilic, Spomenko; Cesarec, Vedran; Tonkic, Ante; Zoricic, Ivan; Mise, Stjepan; Staresinic, Mario; Ivica, Mihovil; Lovric Bencic, Martina; Anic, Tomislav; Seiwerth, Sven; Sikiric, Predrag ·
A lunch containing capsaicin (chili pepper compound) altered satiety hormones (GLP-1, PYY) and increased satiety in humans, suggesting spicy food may enhance appetite control through gut peptide modulation.
Smeets, Astrid J; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S ·
Autoimmune targeting of vasoactive neuropeptides (VIP, PACAP) at the blood-brain/spinal barrier is postulated to contribute to multiple neuropsychiatric conditions including demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases.
Staines, Donald R; Brenu, Ekua W; Marshall-Gradisnik, Sonya ·
PACAP (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide) intrinsically regulated Treg abundance and protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MS model), establishing it as a natural anti-autoimmune neuropeptide.
Tan, Yossan-Var; Abad, Catalina; Lopez, Robert; Dong, Hongmei; Liu, Shen; Lee, Alice; Gomariz, Rosa P; Leceta, Javier; Waschek, James A ·
Infants with failure to thrive had elevated ghrelin but REDUCED appetite, suggesting ghrelin resistance (the hunger hormone can't do its job) — a paradox explaining why some underweight babies can't eat enough.
Tannenbaum, Gloria Shaffer; Ramsay, Maria; Martel, Chantal; Samia, Marwan; Zygmuntowicz, Catherine; Porporino, Mafalda; Ghosh, Shuvo ·
DPP-4 inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, which normally breaks down the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP within minutes of their release. By preventing this degradation, DPP-4 inhibitors effectively increase the body's own GLP-1 and GIP levels, leading to improved insulin secretion, reduced glucagon release, and better blood glucose control — all in a glucose-dependent manner that minimizes hypoglycemia risk. The first two approved DPP-4 inhibitors, sitagliptin and vildagliptin, demonstrated good efficacy and tolerability as oral medications for type 2 diabetes. Additional DPP-4 inhibitors were under review or in clinical development at the time of publication.
Thornberry, Nancy A; Gallwitz, Baptist · Review
Free energy calculations revealed counterion release as a major driving force for lactoferricin B binding to bacterial POPG membranes, beyond electrostatic attraction alone — refining the molecular mechanism.
Tolokh, Igor S; Vivcharuk, Victor; Tomberli, Bruno; Gray, C G ·
Longitudinal natriuretic peptide measurements tracked left atrial volume changes in ESRD patients, with NT-proBNP best reflecting atrial remodeling over time — a non-invasive monitor for cardiac structural changes.
Tripepi, Giovanni; Mattace-Raso, Francesco; Mallamaci, Francesca; Benedetto, Francesco Antonio; Witteman, Jacqueline; Malatino, Lorenzo; Zoccali, Carmine ·