Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
91 NAION cases among 73,636 semaglutide reports. 97.8% serious. Denmark: 38 cases (41.8%). Age 45-74: 54.9%. Male predominance. Co-reported: visual impairment 13.2%, blindness 9.9%, optic atrophy 4.4%, visual field defect 5.5%.
Suresh, Jaishree; Vivekanandan, Kalaiselvan ·
NK-1R antagonist (L-733,060): ↓corneal SP, ↑nerve fiber density at 21 days, ↓trigeminal activation markers (ATF3, GFAP, cFos, TRPV1, TRPM8), ↓pain responses (eye-wiping test + palpebral ratio). 21-day topical treatment.
Surico, Pier Luigi; Naderi, Amirreza; Singh, Rohan Bir; Kahale, Francesca; Farsi, Yeganeh; Lee, Seokjoo; Musayeva, Aytan; Chen, Yihe; Dana, Reza ·
P1 and P2: inhibited α-glucosidase and DPP-IV in Caco-2 cells. ↑GLP-1 levels. ↓NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β. ↑SOD, GPx, CAT. Preserved β-cell function. ↑insulin, regulated glucagon. 1-10 mg/kg vs metformin 200 mg/kg in HFD/STZ mice.
Suryaningtyas, Indyaswan T; Jung, Won-Kyo; Lee, Sei-Jung; Je, Jae-Young ·
LL-37: ↓EC markers, ↑mesenchymal markers. ↓Vascular network formation. ↑Cell migration. Mechanism: Akt + NF-κB activation. Blocked by Akt and NF-κB inhibitors. LL-37 localized in atherosclerotic plaques.
Suzuki, Kaori; Ohkuma, Mari; Nagaoka, Isao ·
≥50% MMD reduction: 53-67% across months. IRLS: -8.8 points (1 month), -11.6 points (3 months). MIDAS: 25.1→19.7 (p=0.005). CSI: 36.3→29.1 (p=0.001). PGIC RLS improvement: 73.3%. RLS improvement even in migraine non-responders: 66.6%.
Suzuki, Keisuke; Suzuki, Shiho; Fujita, Hiroaki; Kobayashi, Saro; Shioda, Mukuto; Hida, Ryotaro; Hirata, Koichi ·
Pre-prescribing: 17.2% expected ≥80% adherence, 56.4% resistant. Post-prescribing: 44.6% reported ≥80% adherence, 95.2% of patients missed ≤1 dose/week. Physician resistance decreased in 44.2%. 330 physicians + 412 patients surveyed.
Suzuki, Ryo; Chand, Krishant; Taguchi, Yuu ·
Post-RYGB: GLP-1 and GIP potentiated insulin during hyperglycemia. BUT relative potentiating effects reduced postoperatively: GIP (1st phase) and GLP-1 (1st + 2nd phase). Improved β-cell function driven by: ↑glucose sensitivity + exaggerated postprandial GLP-1 secretion, NOT ↑incretin sensitivity.
Svane, Maria S; Hindsø, Morten; Martinussen, Christoffer; Dirksen, Carsten; Jørgensen, Nils B; Hedbäck, Nora; Hartmann, Bolette; Kristiansen, Viggo B; Holst, Jens J; Bojsen-Møller, Kirstine N; Madsbad, Sten ·
Three mechanisms: (1) direct antimicrobial (bacteria + viruses); (2) immunomodulation (endotoxin neutralization, chemotaxis, Ca2+ signaling, both pro/anti-inflammatory); (3) cytotoxicity to infected host cells (1-10 µM). Natural concentrations: up to 300 µM in psoriasis, 1 µM in periodontitis.
Svensson, Daniel; Nilsson, Bengt-Olof ·
15,588 patients. 1st LOT: semaglutide monotherapy most common. 36.5% maintained 1st LOT throughout follow-up. 2nd LOT: 42.2% included semaglutide. 3rd LOT: 45.8% included semaglutide. Persistence: 52.1% (2nd LOT) and 72.0% (3rd LOT) continued to end.
Swift, Caroline; Frazer, Monica; Sargent, Andrew; Leszko, Michael; Buysman, Erin; Gronroos, Noelle N; Alvarez, Sara; Dunn, Tyler J; Noone, Josh ·
Responders (19/36): ↓functional connectivity between somatosensory/motor cortex, insula, and visual areas. Non-responders (17/36): no changes. No baseline differences between groups. 3-month galcanezumab treatment.
Szabo, Edina; Bolo, Nicolas R; Borsook, David; Burstein, Rami; Ashina, Sait ·
Appetite: inconsistent in rodents, significant orexigenic gene changes in sheep. GH axis: no effect in rodents, ↑GHRH/somatostatin mRNA, ↑GH synthesis/secretion in sheep. Reproductive: present in Leydig/pituitary cells, modulates GnRH/LH/FSH in vitro. Species variation is major.
Szlis, Michał; Wójcik-Gładysz, Anna; Gajewska, Alina; Przybyl, Bartosz Jaroslaw ·
PACAP-38 elevated vs controls: overall +34.3% (p<0.0001), chronic +49.8% (p<0.0001), bout +39.5% (p<0.0001), remission +34.1% (p=0.0005). No PACAP-38/CGRP correlation (r=0.08, p=0.10). 205 patients, 101 controls.
Søborg, Marie-Louise K; Lund, Nunu; Snoer, Agneta; Barloese, Mads; Jensen, Rigmor Højland; Petersen, Anja Sofie ·
3P-MACE: -2.5% (95% CI 0.8-4.1%). CV mortality: -2.3% (1.4-3.1%). All-cause mortality: -2.5% (0.7-4.3%). HF: -0.9% (0.01-1.8%). Angina: -0.7% (0.01-1.3%). MI, stroke, revasc: NS. 6,681 GLP-1RA + 19,072 DPP-4i.
Sørensen, Kathrine Kold; Yazdanfard, Puriya Daniel Würtz; Zareini, Bochra; Pedersen-Bjergaard, Ulrik; Kosjerina, Vanja; Andersen, Mikkel Porsborg; Munch, Anders; Ohlendorff, Johan Sebastian; Schmid, Stefanie; Lanzinger, Stefanie; Choudhary, Pratik; Gillies, Clare; Gharibzadeh, Safoora; Lind, Marcus; Tasselius, Viktor; Michelsen, Jens; Gerds, Thomas Alexander; Torp-Pedersen, Christian ·
559 respondents (55% response rate). Female 78%. BMI 36 median. 70% self-initiated. 46% expected limited duration. 11% expected lifelong. 42% no duration discussion. Weight loss: 5.3% at ~5 months. Side effects: 59% (nausea 35%, constipation 29%).
Sørensen, Malene Svoldgaard; Pottegård, Anton; Andersen, Nanna Elman; Thomsen, Reimar W; Lundby, Carina ·
Stepwise management: diet → acarbose/viscosity → somatostatin analogues (most effective). Refractory: diazoxide, SGLT2i. Emerging: pasireotide, GLP-1RA and GLP-1 antagonists, stable glucagon. Post-bariatric hypoglycemia is late dumping only.
Tack, Jan; Raymenants, Karlien; Van de Bruaene, Cedric; Scarpellini, Emidio ·
Baseline LDL: 312 mg/dL → ~50 mg/dL on statin + ezetimibe + evolocumab. Addition of oral semaglutide: further LDL reduction. Dual benefit: diabetes control + additional LDL lowering beyond maximal therapy.
Tada, Hayato; Takamura, Masayuki ·
Tumor initiation delayed (p=0.005). Volume reduced (p=0.0004). Vessel area decreased (p=0.028). ↑Anti-AM IgG (p=0.033). ↑CD8+ T cells (p=0.049). No TME immunosuppression. No toxicity/weight loss. Stable at 4°C >1 month.
Tadic, Srdan; García-Sanmartín, Josune; Narro-Íñiguez, Judit; Martínez, Alfredo ·
Vc1.1: selective for hα9 (IC50=160 nM) and hα3β2 (IC50=232 nM). α9[N179A]: 20-fold ↓potency (lost H-bond with D11). β2[E86A]: 4-fold ↑potency (K104 interaction). α9[N213K]: 2-fold ↑potency. MD simulations: D5 side chain interactions altered.
Tae, Han-Shen; Hung, Andrew; Clark, Richard J; Adams, David J ·
Improved sleeping time or sleep quality → significantly associated with sufficient semaglutide weight loss effect. 367 Japanese adults; 69.5% female; 83.9% BMI 25-35; logistic regression analysis. Other factors assessed but sleep was significant.
Takakura, Kazuki; Koda, Nagisa; Kinoshita, Yuji; Oh, Maki; Koyama, Muneyuki; Suka, Machi ·
First incretin autoantibody study. GIP and GLP-1 antibodies: both significantly elevated in diabetes (p<0.01). GIP antibody positive: significantly worse 5-year prognosis (p=0.0072). GLP-1 antibody positive: trend toward worse prognosis (p=0.06). 274 patients, 109 controls, 4.9-year follow-up.
Takemoto, Minoru; Zhang, Bo-Shi; Hayashi, Aiko; Yamagata, Hiroki; Yoshida, Yoich; Koshizaka, Masaya; Onishi, Shunichiro; Yamaga, Masaya; Yoshida, Tomohiko; Hashimoto, Takahide; Ohtake, Naoki; Ishikawa, Takahiro; Takizawa, Hirotaka; Hiwasa, Takaki ·
CGRP mAb persistence: 85.6% (3m) → 36.5% (12m). OMPM persistence: 49.7% (3m) → 21.7% (12m). Antiepileptics: highest OMPM persistence (27.0%). Switching: 22.9% OMPM, 19.7% CGRP mAb at 12m. Only 20% OMPM switchers → CGRP mAb. Comorbidities: ~50% non-migraine headache, 26-31% mental health, 29% sleep.
Takeshima, Takao; Ahmadyar, Gina; Duan, Molly; Yamazaki, Toru; Inoue, Shoko; Nishimura, Chiori ·
Case 1: rapid postprandial hyperglycemia → managed with dulaglutide + CGM. Case 2: long-term dose-dependent glycemia → controlled by sequential GLP-1RAs including semaglutide. CGM: essential for early detection. GLP-1RAs: effective for SSTR5-mediated hyperglycemia.
Taki, Yuki; Kono, Takashi; Matsuda, Tatsuma; Kozu, Ryunosuke; Fujimoto, Masanori; Sakuma, Ikki; Hashimoto, Naoko; Horiguchi, Kentaro; Higuchi, Yoshinori; Tanaka, Tomoaki ·
GLP-1RAs: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation (worst during dose escalation). Orlistat: steatorrhea, flatulence. Phentermine: ↓GI motility. Retatrutide, orforglipron: notable GI profiles. Natural products: fewer AEs but limited data. Generally mild-moderate but affect adherence.
Takrori, Ehab; Peshin, Supriya; Singal, Sakshi ·
HF events: RR 0.40 (p=0.003). CV mortality: RR 0.79 (NS). All-cause mortality: RR 0.98 (NS). KCCQ-CSS: +7.23 points. Weight: -9.76 kg. 6MWD: +16.54 m. GI AE discontinuation: RR 4.01. SAEs: RR 0.66 (NS). 3 RCTs, 1,876 patients.
Talavera, Armando; Teixeira, Larissa; Klein, Benjamin; Lopes, Rodolfo A; Urina-Jassir, Daniela; Navalha, Denilsa D P; Bettinotti, Branco G M; Fernandez, Nicole; Urina-Triana, Miguel; Welty, Francine K; Mihos, Christos G; Elajami, Tarec K ·
19,693 patients. 12-month adherence: 27% (5,322). Adherent weight loss: 22.6% ± 7.46%. Full cohort (LOCF): 13.6% ± 10.85%. Best predictor: consistent weekly engagement (tracking, coaching). Intensive daily tracking and rapid early loss predicted dropout.
Talay, Louis; Hom, Jason; Scott, Tamara; Ahuja, Neera ·
Overall: -1.2 red days (NS), 15% ≥50% responders, 33% ≥30% responders. Switched for ineffectiveness only: significant ↓headache days (p=0.044). Side effects: improved/resolved in 12/20, new symptoms in 8/20. 66 switches in 54 patients.
Talbot, Jamie; Stuckey, Rebecca; Wood, Natasha; Gordon, Alexander; Crossingham, Ginette; Weatherby, Stuart ·
DR: HR 0.31 (0.26-0.37, p<0.001). DME: HR 0.40 (0.27-0.59, p<0.001). Treatment-requiring DR/DME: HR 0.18 (0.08-0.40, p<0.001). 10-year follow-up. Adjusted for longitudinal HbA1c changes.
Talebi, Ramin; Fortes, Blake H; Yu, Fei; Coleman, Anne L; Tsui, Irena ·
Vasoactive neuropeptide dysregulation = primary VCI driver. Microvascular constriction: earliest event, precedes amyloid. CGRP depletion: key driver. CGRP supplementation: prevented vasoconstriction + improved cognition. Capillary constriction precedes and drives amyloid accumulation.
Tambo, Willians; Powell, Keren; Wadolowski, Steven; Unadkat, Prashin; Chang, Eric H; LeDoux, Christopher; Sciubba, Daniel; Wang, Ping; Huerta, Patricio; Li, Chunyan ·
GLP-1RA liver fat: -3.37% (p significant). Dual GLP-1/GIP: -7.15% (p significant). Dual > mono for liver fat (p significant). ↓ALT, AST, glycemic markers. >48 weeks needed for optimal results. 26 RCTs, 3,453 patients. GRADE evaluated.
Tamilwanan, Surtika; Aziz, Zoriah; Rong, Lim Yan; Bitar, Ahmad Naoras; Zarzour, Raghdaa Hamdan Al; Alshehade, Salah A ·
Primary CV outcome: HR 0.83 (0.76-0.91). Nonfatal MI: HR 0.79 (0.67-0.92). Revascularization: HR 0.71 (0.61-0.83). HF hospitalization: HR 0.85 (0.72-1.00). CV death, all-cause death, stroke: NS. Oral = subcutaneous efficacy. 4 RCTs, 19,663 patients. GRADE: moderate-high.
Tan, Sihua; Yin, Yangguang; Lu, Juexiu ·
vs ONIGLTs: IS -18%, MI -14%, 2P-MACE -17%, 3P-MACE -28%, 5P-MACE -27%. vs SGLT2i: 2P-MACE -14%, 3P-MACE -15%, 5P-MACE -14%. Semaglutide: lowest risk vs SGLT2i for all outcomes. 41,835 GLP-1 + 77,599 ONIGLT matched patients.
Tan, Xi; Liang, Yuanjie; Xie, Lin; Gutierrez, Cynthia; Harton, Joanna; Muhammad, Chalak; Swift, Caroline; de Havenon, Adam ·
All GLP-1RAs: significant weight/BMI reduction proportional to treatment duration. Hierarchy: tirzepatide > semaglutide > liraglutide. Semaglutide > liraglutide for ≥10% and ≥15% weight loss. Cardiometabolic improvements: glucose, BP, cholesterol, liver. Adverse effects: mild GI. 19 studies.
Tan, Yee Wen; Shang, Mengge; Davis, Sean; Gananadha, Sivakumar ·
BP lowering beyond weight: NHE3 inhibition → natriuresis, ↓angiotensin II activity, ↑vasodilation. Acute: inconsistent BP response. Chronic: consistent hypotensive effect. Improves morning surge + nocturnal HTN. Triple action: glucose + weight + BP lowering.
Tanaka, Masami; Itoh, Hiroshi ·
Continuation: 93.2% (3m), 80.2% (6m), 68.9% (9m), 58.8% (12m), 55.4% (18m), 51.7% (24m). Resumption: 76.8%. Permanent withdrawal: 20.7%. HIT-6 and MSQ significantly improved at all points. No predictors of resumption vs withdrawal. 146 patients, patient-directed treatment choice.
Tanei, Takafumi; Yamashita, Satoshi; Maesawa, Satoshi; Nishimura, Yusuke; Ishizaki, Tomotaka; Nagashima, Yoshitaka; Suzuki, Takahiro; Hamasaki, Hajime; Yamamoto, Shun; Wakabayashi, Toshihiko; Saito, Ryuta ·
MI: RR 0.86 (p<0.01), NNT 207. CV mortality: RR 0.87 (p<0.01), NNT 170. MACE: RR 0.87 (p<0.01), NNT 67. Stroke: RR 0.88 (p<0.01), NNT 335. Higher BMI → greater MI reduction (β=-0.09, p=0.03). GI AEs: RR 1.55, NNTH 9. 25 studies, 109,846 patients, 3.48 years.
Tang, Ansel Shao Pin; Hsu, Jovan Teng Yuan; Chong, Sheena Kar Shuan; Quek, Jingxuan; Shek, Genevieve; Sulaimi, Farisah; Chan, Kai En; Anand, Vickram Vijay; Chong, Bryan; Mehta, Anurag; Toh, Sue-Anne; Muthiah, Mark; Dimitriadis, Georgios K; le Roux, Carel W; Chan, Mark Yan-Yee; Mamas, Mamas Andreas; Chin, Yip Han; Chew, Nicholas W S ·
25-mer stapled helical hairpin from TEAD. Disulfide bridge stabilizes native conformation. Minimized entropy penalty → improved TAZ binding. Selective for TAZ over noncognate proteins. Potent cytotoxicity on gynecological tumors (cervical, ovarian, endometrial). Confirmed by CD, FP, and viability assays.
Tang, Bin; Du, Yu; Wang, Jun ·
LL-37 binds hIAPP monomers, oligomers, and fibrils. Mechanism: hydrophobic + pi-pi interactions at amyloidogenic regions. Monomer/oligomer: LL-37 N/C-terminal residues prevent self-association. Fibrils: geometric incompatibility blocks elongation. Links infection defense with amyloid disease.
Tang, Huayuan ·
MACE HR 0.76 (0.72-0.81). MAKE HR 0.64 (0.55-0.74). Mortality HR 0.49 (0.42-0.57). Depression HR 0.63. Suicidal ideation HR 0.42. Substance use HR 0.58. No increased: pancreatitis (HR 1.17 NS), hypoglycemia (HR 1.08 NS), GI symptoms (HR 0.99 NS). 140,169 matched pairs.
Tang, Huilin; Lu, Yiwen; Zhang, Bingyu; Zhou, Ting; Zhang, Dazheng; Chen, Jiajie; Chen, Yong; Asch, David A; Chen, Yong ·
Refractory ES: significantly higher NPY vs controls. NPY threshold: 44.4 pg/mL (sensitivity 0.91, specificity 0.90). High NPY: significantly worse survival (Kaplan-Meier). Cox: NPY independently associated with mortality (95% CI 0.89-0.99). 95 patients (62 control, 33 refractory).
Tang, Jianjun; Liu, Chengfeng; Wang, Zhuo; Zhu, Tongjian; Zhong, Min; Li, Yasai; Chen, Mingxian ·
TZP 15 mg: cost-saving (-,409) + 0.69 QALYs + 0.58 life-years. TZP 10 mg: +,855 cost, 0.60 QALYs, ICER ,092/QALY. Both: >98.5% probability cost-effective at K WTP. Treatment effects assumed for 5 years.
Tang, Man; Shi, Lizheng; Guan, Dawei; Winberg, Debra; Tang, Tiange; Shao, Hui; Fonseca, Vivian ·
No significant immunogenicity difference: synthetic vs recombinant liraglutide. Novel PBMC-based IIRMI detection method established. Fresh PBMCs from multiple volunteers. TLR/NOD ligand challenge testing. FDA tentative approval of generic June 2024.
Tang, Yangming; Tang, Chao; Lu, Xiaojie; Xing, Xinhui ·
FP-CATH9: 9 amino acids, no antibacterial activity alone. Reverses minocycline resistance in MDR gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa). Mechanism: inhibits efflux → ↑intracellular minocycline. Low hemolysis + cytotoxicity. In vivo: 80% larval survival with combination.
Tang, Yingqi; Liu, Jiye; Yan, Jiani; Xie, Zhixiong; Zhong, Lipeng ·
Animal: GLP-1R activation ↓alcohol intake, ↓relapse. Mechanism: brain reward pathway modulation (mesolimbic dopamine). Clinical: some reduction in heavy drinking days (especially with comorbid obesity). Gaps: extended studies, diverse trials, pharmacogenomics needed.
Tanguturi Yella, Sree Sudha; Kota Sesha Brahma Sree, Krishna Sasanka; Mahato, Sumit Kumar ·
GLP-1RA reduced MACE/HFH regardless of SGLT2i background. SGLT2i benefits maintained with GLP-1RA. Combination: superior HbA1c, weight, SBP reduction. No new safety signals. Manageable GI and genital infection risks. 9 RCTs (2020-2025).
Tantawy, Dalia; Musa Rabih, Maram Rabih; Ibrahim Mohamed, Razan Seifeldin; Abdelrahman Ali, Malaz Omer; Mohammed Saad Aldeen, Rayan Saad Aldeen; Ahmed Abdelkarim, Ali Omer; Awadalkreem Mohamedzain, Tawasul Greeballah ·
DGE driven by ENS impairment (not just vagus). Microbiota-ENS axis: SCFAs, bile acids, tryptophan. Peptide mediators: GLP-1, ghrelin, VIP, acetylcholine, NO. Microbiome therapies (probiotics, prebiotics, FMT): repair ENS + alleviate DGE. >50% of diabetics have GI symptoms.
Tao, Wang; Yu, Yunfeng; Tan, Danni; Huang, Xiangning; Huang, Jiawang; Lin, Chuanquan; Yu, Rong ·
Surgical complications: OR 1.26 (0.83-1.93, NS). 30-day readmission: OR 0.83 (NS). 90-day readmission: OR 0.89 (NS). 298 matched pairs. PearlDiver Database 2010-2021.
Tao, Xu; Ranganathan, Sruthi; Van Halm-Lutterodt, Nicholas; Garcia-Vargas, Julia; Wu, Andrew; Karnati, Janesh; Shankar, Sachin; Agyeman, Nana; Ashraf, Ahmed; Barve, Parikshit; Childress, Kelly; Adogwa, Owoicho ·
RGC: OR 6.30 (5.30-7.49, I²=0%). Aborted: OR 5.50 (3.25-9.32, I²=0%). Repeated: OR 2.19 (1.42-3.38, I²=0%). Aspiration: OR 1.26 (0.86-1.87, NS, I²=34%). Tirzepatide: highest RGC (18.9%). Colonoscopy prep: ↓RGC (OR 0.26). 32,144 GLP-1 + 73,273 controls.
Tarar, Zahid Ijaz; Farooq, Umer; Chaudhry, Ahtshamullah; Gandhi, Mustafa; El Alayli, Abdallah; Ayoub, Mark; Singh, Baltej; Daglilar, Ebubekir; Thosani, Nirav ·
GLP-1RA (semaglutide): phase 3 for MASH. Dual agonists (tirzepatide, survodutide): phase 2 histological improvements. Triple agonist (retatrutide): most efficacy data emerging. Escalating efficacy with more receptor targets. Hepatoprotective beyond weight loss.
Targher, Giovanni; Mantovani, Alessandro; Byrne, Christopher D; Tilg, Herbert ·
All-cause death: HR 0.554 (0.542-0.566). Composite pancreatitis: HR 1.062 (1.023-1.102). Acute pancreatitis: HR 1.058 (1.015-1.103), mainly first 6 months. Chronic pancreatitis: NS. Pancreatic cancer: NS. <65: greater mortality benefit. 1.56M GLP-1 users vs 18.65M non-users.
Tartaglia, Enrico; Bucci, Tommaso; Rossi, Michele; Rigutini, Andrea Galeazzo; Askarinejad, Amir; Alam, Uazman; Nabrdalik, Katarzyna; Boriani, Giuseppe; Lip, Gregory Y H ·
PACAP/VIP: 3 canonical receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) + 2 proposed (GPR55, MRGPRX2). Extensive splice variant diversity. Anti-PACAP antibody: clinical migraine efficacy. Receptor signaling: membrane + endosomal. Accessory proteins modify responses. "Designer drug" opportunities.
Tasma, Zoe; Hay, Debbie L ·