Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Three multi-receptor antagonists created by click chemistry. Maintained potency vs parental antagonists at all receptors (CGRP-R, AMY1, PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2). Position 38 linkage: enhanced CGRP antagonism. Validated in Cos7 cells AND spinal cord cultures (endogenous receptors).
Tasma, Zoe; Siow, Andrew; Harris, Paul W R; Brimble, Margaret A; Hay, Debbie L; Walker, Christopher S ·
Class B GPCRs: 15 peptide hormone receptors. Recent approvals: migraine (CGRP), diabetes (GLP-1), obesity. Biased signaling enables pathway-selective drugs. Designer drugs: enhanced efficacy, reduced side effects. Applicable to GLP-1R, CGRP-R, PACAP receptors, and others.
Tasma, Zoe; Garelja, Michael L; Jamaluddin, Aqfan; Alexander, Tyla I; Rees, Tayla A ·
Improved conditions: psoriasis, HS, HAIR-AN syndrome, Hailey-Hailey, acne keloidalis, folliculitis decalvans, androgenic alopecia, localized scleroderma. Mechanisms: immunologic, metabolic, barrier-modulating. Evidence: controlled trials to case reports.
Tassavor, Bryan; Al Salem, Sultan ·
GLP-1RAs: first-line T2DM therapy. IPMNs: premalignant pancreatic cysts. Unknown risk: GLP-1 pancreatotrophic effects on IPMN progression. Growing clinical dilemma. No specific studies available. Evidence-based guidelines needed.
Tassone, Francesco; Saraceno, Giovanna ·
Liraglutide: mean 7.9% TBWL at 18 months. Metabolic improvements. Lower than clinical trial efficacy (8-12%). Portuguese real-world cohort. >50% population overweight/obese in Portugal.
Tavares Bello, Carlos; Redondo Carvalho, Inês; Martins, Anabela; Martins, Ana F; Wessling, Ana; Macedo, Daniel; Martins, Diana; Fernandes, Carlos; Sobral DO Rosário, Francisco ·
GLP-1RAs improve fertility through: macrophage M2 polarization, ↓pro-inflammatory cytokines, ↑Treg activity, improved vascularization, ↓oxidative stress. Weight loss enhances insulin sensitivity and endocrine balance. Contraindicated during pregnancy. Preconception protocols promising.
Tavares, Ana Clara Muniz; Martins, Maria Yzadora Moura; de Souza, Giselle Ferreira; Lima, Eduarda Maia; Rocha, Camila Alves; de Souza, Larissa Cruz; Simões, Júlia Machado Luz; de Araújo, Nicole Oliveira; Cavalcante, Marcelo Borges ·
Age 53; pre-existing asymptomatic diverticular disease. Tirzepatide → 25 kg rapid weight loss → sigmoid stricture, obstructive diverticulitis, hepatic abscesses, severe sepsis, multi-organ dysfunction. Proposed: ↓colonic motility, altered bile, microbiota changes, bacterial translocation.
Taylor, Bethany; Farley-Hills, Edward; Yang, Wah; Pouwels, Sjaak; Whiteley, Graham; Wilkinson, Danielle; Agarwal, Anurag; Al-Ardah, Mahmoud; Beamish, Andrew; Hammoda, Mohammed; Hoffmann, Rebecca V; Ahmed, Ahmed; Ahmad, Suhaib ·
SURMOUNT-1 tirzepatide vs placebo: premenopause -26% vs -2%, perimenopause -23% vs -3%, postmenopause -23% vs -3% (all p significant). Significant WC and WHtR improvements. ~50% with baseline BMI ≥40 reached WHtR ≤0.49. Consistent across SURMOUNT-3 and -4.
Tchang, Beverly G; Mihai, Andreea Ciudin; Stefanski, Adam; García-Pérez, Luis-Emilio; Mojdami, Donna; Jouravskaya, Irina; Gurbuz, Sirel; Taylor, Rebecca; Karanikas, Chrisanthi A; Dunn, Julia P ·
Semaglutide 2.4 mg vs placebo: more treatment intensity reduction + more treatment discontinuation for both antihypertensives and lipid-lowering drugs. Less treatment intensification. Greater weight loss correlated with medication changes. Two pooled populations: with and without T2DM.
Tchang, Beverly G; Knight, Michael G; Adelborg, Kasper; Clements, Jennifer N; Iversen, Aske Thorn; Traina, Andrea ·
Semaglutide activates AP/NTS Adcyap1+ neurons. Reactivation mimics drug effects (↓food intake, ↓weight, ↑fat utilization, CTA). Ablation reverses drug effects in lean + obese mice. Adcyap1+ neurons: promote fat > lean mass loss. Modest CTA contribution. AP GLP-1R neurons → NTS Adcyap1+ neurons → downstream satiety.
Teixidor-Deulofeu, Júlia; Blid Sköldheden, Sebastian; Font-Gironès, Ferran; Feješ, Andrej; Ruud, Johan; Engström Ruud, Linda ·
NHANES 2011-2018: GLP-1RA users showed improved cardiovascular risk markers vs non-users. Population-level US data. Supports cardiometabolic benefits of GLP-1 drugs.
Telakeng Tekengne, B Oneill; Eke, Catherine Ijeoma; Cumaaran, Christina; Ozigbo, Adaobi A; Okoyeuzu, Chinechem A; Okhagbuzo, Inemialu M; Sadiq-Onilenla, Rasheedat A; Okobi, Okelue E ·
7 dysregulated gut neuropeptides in PD: VIP, NPY, CGRP, ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, substance P. GI symptoms precede motor symptoms by up to 20 years. α-Synuclein aggregates in GI tract. Gut neuropeptides modulate: barrier function, immune response, gut-brain signaling. Underexplored research area.
Templeton, Hayley N; Tobet, Stuart A; Schwerdtfeger, Luke A ·
Oral semaglutide: equivalent CV benefits to injectable. MACE reduction demonstrated. Weight loss + glycemic control. Tablet convenience improves access/adherence. T2DM + CVD risk management.
Temporelli, Pier Luigi ·
SPK100.NPY-Y2R: ↓neuronal activity in cultures + slices. ↓Seizure progression/duration (rat kindling). ↓Spontaneous seizures (genetic mouse model). MRI-guided delivery → successful baboon hippocampus transduction. No adverse events. Non-human primate step completed.
Terzic, Barbara; Melin, Esbjörn; Fagergren, Pernilla; Dobry, David; Cattaneo, Stefano; Giupponi, Iris; Bettegazzi, Barbara; Simonato, Michele; Agerman, Karin; Kokaia, Merab; Moon, Lawrence; Ramsburg, Elizabeth ·
Age 32; semaglutide user. Transient small bowel intussusception on CT enterography (incidental finding). No obstruction or lead point. Resolved without intervention. Proposed mechanism: GLP-1-induced altered motility.
Thakkar, Bianca; Nguyen, Minh Thu T; Hagen, Rachael; Parikh, Neil ·
5 neuropeptide biomarkers: α-synuclein, substance P, neurotensin, NPY, somatostatin. Measurable in: CSF, blood, saliva, tears, urine. Levels differ in PD. Correlate with severity. Distinguish PD from other conditions. ELISA detection.
Thakur, Jhanvi; Godad, Angel ·
Tl1a: 36 amino acids from T. longicolli. NaV1.8 IC50=210 nM. 8x selective over NaV1.4 (1769 nM), NaV1.1 (2201 nM). 6x over NaV1.7 (1278 nM). Similar at NaV1.5 (282 nM), KV2.1 (156 nM). Loop 4 hydrophobicity critical. Domain IV S3-S4 interaction site.
Thapa, Ashvriya; Tran, Hue; Ragnarsson, Lotten; Keramidas, Angelo; Herzig, Volker; Brinkwirth, Nina; Deuis, Jennifer R; Vetter, Irina ·
70 ACHD patients; 85.7% moderate/severe complexity. >5% weight loss: 42.9%. BMI≥35: 66.7% achieved >5% loss (p=0.027). Younger age: better response (p=0.014). HbA1c: -0.6%. GI side effects: 20%. Discontinuation: 11.4%. NYHA + eGFR: stable. Mean 21 months.
Thapa, Rashmi; Lara-Breitinger, Kyla M; Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco; Shama, Nishat; Egbe, Alexander C; Miranda, William R; Connolly, Heidi M; Jain, C Charles; Jokhadar, Maan; Kosec, Angela M; Alm, Svea; Burchill, Luke J ·
1.6M women aged 18-49. GLP-1 prescribing: 0 → 14.9/1,000 (non-T2DM) by 2022. 90.5% of 2022 prescriptions: non-diabetic. Contraception documented: only 21.2%. Pregnancies within 6 months: 232/10,781. T2DM prescribing: 13.0 → 88.5/1,000.
Thapaliya, Kailash; Sweeting, Arianne; Black, Kirsten I; Poprzeczny, Amanda; Mazza, Danielle; Grzeskowiak, Luke E ·
ASCVD: MACE reduction in T2DM + non-T2DM. HFpEF: improved symptoms, function, NPs, echo, ↓HF hospitalization. SELECT HF subanalysis: ↓CV mortality + HF hospitalization. FLOW: renal + CV benefits in diabetic nephropathy independent of BMI. Evidence gaps: HF without ASCVD, non-obese HF.
Theodorakis, Nikolaos; Kreouzi, Magdalini; Nikolaou, Maria ·
60 patients; CRPS 3-36 months duration; fremanezumab 225 mg vs placebo SC; 8 weeks; primary: pain intensity change; secondary: pain relief, clinical signs, CGRP biomarker prediction; proof-of-concept design.
Thiyagarajah, Abarajitha; Terkelsen, Astrid Juhl; Birklein, Frank; Finnerup, Nanna Brix; Gylfadottir, Sandra Sif ·
COVID-19 infection: RR 0.99 (NS). Hospitalization: RR 0.79 (p<0.001), RD -6.72%. Major CV events: RR 0.73 (borderline p=0.05). 26,485 DPP4i/GLP-1RA vs 14,487 SGLT2i/SU. Age ≥66. 2020-2021.
Thompson, Wade; Yu, Bing; Porter, Joan; Fang, Jiming; Ferreira-Legere, Laura E; Austin, Peter C; Jackevicius, Cynthia A; Ross, Heather; Lee, Douglas S; Weisman, Alanna; Farkouh, Michael E; Gershon, Andrea S; Atzema, Clare L; Kwong, Jeffrey C; Ha, Andrew; Džavík, Vladimír; Udell, Jacob A ·
Real-world: meaningful weight loss but below trial efficacy. Barriers: adherence, drug shortages, cost, insurance coverage. Disparities: socioeconomic, racial/ethnic in prescribing. AEs: consistent with trials (GI predominant). Need: systemic solutions for sustained access.
Thomsen, Reimar W; Mailhac, Aurélie; Løhde, Julie B; Pottegård, Anton ·
NT-0796 + low-dose semaglutide > either monotherapy for weight loss. NT-0796 monotherapy sharply limited weight regain post-semaglutide. Normalized hypothalamic astrogliosis + peripheral inflammation. Enhanced effect with PUFA diet. NLRP3 inhibition: effective weight loss strategy alone.
Thornton, Peter; Reader, Valérie; Digby, Zsofia; Doedens, John; Lindsay, Nicola; Clarke, Nicholas; Watt, Alan P ·
Semaglutide: effective but does not replace bariatric surgery for severe obesity. Complementary roles: pre-op weight loss, post-op regain rescue, weight maintenance. Surgery: still superior for severe obesity, diabetes remission, mechanical benefits.
Tian, Jane; Bhatia, Shubham; Sneed, Christina; Kiarie, Patrick; Fuchs, Mikayla; Miele, Andrew; Shah, Darshak; Khan, Noman; Louis, Martine A ·
Combo vs dulaglutide alone: HbA1c -1.06% vs -0.35% (p=0.028). FPG more improved (p=0.010). TNF-α: -43.6% vs -33.3% (p<0.001). HOMA-β: +34.7% vs +23.1% (p=0.034). Lactobacillus: +2.1 vs +1.3 ×10⁶ CFU/g (p<0.001). New HTN: 0% vs 13.3% (p=0.038). New dyslipidemia: 0% vs 16.7% (p=0.020).
Tian, Jinxia; Yang, Yanfei; Yu, Zijuan; Gao, Yang; Zong, Xiaochun; Wu, Qiaojuan; Su, Haiyan; Cao, Wenjuan; Xu, Dandan ·
Semaglutide in db/db mice: ↑cardiac function; ↑AMPK + ULK1 phosphorylation; ↑[Ca²⁺]mito; ↑basal, max, and spare respiration (Seahorse); ↑ATP production; ↑Parkin + LC3 (mitophagy); improved mitochondrial morphology (TEM). Direct CM protection.
Tian, Meng-Yun; Yang, Ji-Qin; Hu, Jin-Chuan; Lu, Shan; Ji, Yong ·
Dose-response: 5 mg ~5%; 10 mg ~11-15%; 15 mg ~15-22.7% weight loss. Consistent in obesity + T2DM. Phase 1-3 trials included. GI AEs main side effects. Dose-dependent tolerability profile.
Tian, Qiru; Song, Yi; Deng, Yan; Lin, Shike ·
GLP1R + GIPR downregulated in PD patient neurons. Tirzepatide (1/3 dose) = semaglutide for TH preservation. ↓Drp1 (pathological fission). ↑Pink1/Parkin/p62 (mitophagy). ↑ATP. Improved mitochondrial ultrastructure. Validated by Drp1 inhibitor + mitophagy activator.
Tian, Ruixue; Liu, Kexin; Lai, Hurong; Liao, Caifeng; Li, Jian; Tu, Huaijun ·
Semaglutide → cAMP-PKA-CREB → ↑KLB (β-Klotho) → AMPK activation → ↓ferroptosis (↓iron, ↓fatty acid synthesis, ↑antioxidant). Result: ↓renal inflammation, ↓fibrosis. Validated in patients, animals, HK-2 cells. KLB identified by transcriptome sequencing.
Tian, Shasha; Zhou, Saijun; Wu, Weixi; Lin, Yao; Wang, Tongdan; Sun, Haizhen; A-Ni-Wan, A-Shan-Jiang; Li, Yaru; Wang, Chongyang; Li, Xiaogang; Yu, Pei; Zhao, Yanjun ·
Tirzepatide 1/3 dose = semaglutide for: ↓glucose, ↓weight, ↓UACR. Insulin: could not restore UACR. RNA-seq: PI3K-AKT enriched. Tirzepatide: regulated oxidative stress via PI3K-AKT in podocytes. PI3K inhibitor: reversed antioxidative effect. DN treatment advantage over insulin.
Tian, Yan; Tian, Ruixue; Juan, He; Guo, Yafan; Yan, Pan; Cheng, Yao; Li, Rongshan; Wang, Baodong ·
Semaglutide → ↑BMSC proliferation, ↑migration, ↑ALP, ↑mineralization, ↑OCN, ↑RUNX2. RNA-seq → Wnt/LRP5/β-catenin pathway. DKK1 (Wnt inhibitor): partially reversed by semaglutide. LiCl (Wnt agonist) + semaglutide: synergistic osteogenic acceleration.
Tian, Yawei; Liu, Huiming; Bao, Xiaoxue; Li, Yukun ·
↑CD4+ T cells (MD=4.53, p<0.00001). ↑CD4/CD8 ratio (MD=0.42, p<0.00001). ↓CRP (low-dose): -30 mg/L (p<0.00001). ↓Infections: RR 0.56 (p=0.0005). Blood: RR 0.60. Abdominal: RR 0.38. ↓APACHE II: -1.52 (p<0.0001). Hospital stay: NS. 5 RCTs, 706 patients.
Tian, Yong; Yao, Jiaqi; Ma, Yihan; Zhang, Pengcheng; Zhou, Xiaofang; Xie, Wenjie; Tang, Wenfu ·
HbA1c: -6.7% (p significant). BMI: significantly reduced. SBP and DBP: significantly reduced. Triglycerides: significantly reduced (p=0.002). HDL: increased. 51 patients; hypothyroid + T2DM; oral semaglutide 14 mg; 6 months.
Tilici, Dana-Mihaela; Costinescu, Ruxandra-Mihaela; Paun, Diana-Loreta; Paun, Sorin Constantin; Guja, Cristian ·
Case 1: -33% weight, -53.4% fat, -6.9% lean (8.7% of loss as lean). Case 2: -26.8% weight, -61.6% fat, +2.5% lean. Case 3: -13.2% weight, -46.9% fat, +5.8% lean. Exercise: 4-7d/week, RT 3-5d/week. Protein: 0.7-1.7 g/kg BW (1.6-2.3 g/kg FFM).
Tinsley, Grant M; Nadolsky, Spencer ·
GLP-1RA vs DPP4i: HCC OR 1.31 (1.11-1.56, p<0.001). >6 months use: increased risk. <6 months: OR 0.96 (NS). HCC: 302 (0.30%) GLP-1RA vs 230 (0.23%) DPP4i. 100,248 matched pairs. 133 PS variables.
Titus, Joane; Katukuri, Vinay; Boktor, Moheb; Mansi, Ishak A ·
Tirzepatide: significant changes in eating behavior at 3 months. Weight loss and HbA1c improvement. Diet-related QoL changes assessed. 60 T2DM outpatients.
Toga-Sato, Shiori; Tosaki, Takahiro; Hodai, Yuichi; Kondo, Masaki; Miura-Yura, Emiri; Kato, Makoto; Morishita, Yoshiaki; Tsunekawa, Shin; Himeno, Tatsuhito; Kato, Yoshiro; Nakamura, Jiro; Kamiya, Hideki ·
First case: vertebral artery dissection on anti-CGRP mAb. FAERS: CeAD signals for CGRP-blocking drugs detected. CGRP: vasodilatory → removal may ↓vascular protection. Migraine independently associated with CeAD risk.
Tokuyasu, Daiki; Imai, Shungo; Chen, Shih-Pin; Ihara, Keiko; Watanabe, Narumi; Izawa, Yoshikane; Nakahara, Jin; Hori, Satoko; Takizawa, Tsubasa ·
PDAC-DM vs T2DM: different GLP-1 and GIP responses; altered insulin/glucagon dynamics; distinct glucose homeostasis patterns; potential for earlier cancer detection if distinguished from T2DM.
Toledo, Frederico G S; Li, Yisheng; Wang, Fuchenchu; Bellin, Melena D; Brand, Randall; Cusi, Kenneth; Fisher, William; Kudva, Yogish C; Park, Walter G; Saeed, Zeb I; Yadav, Dhiraj; Considine, Robert V; Graham, Sarah C; Andersen, Dana K; Serrano, Jose; Goodarzi, Mark O; Hart, Phil A ·
Semaglutide 2.4 mg + digital self-support app (WeGoTogether). Real-world weight loss effectiveness. Long-term follow-up. Digital health engagement assessed.
Toliver, Joshua C; Divino, Victoria; Ng, Carmen D; Wang, Julia ·
67 patents; 5,000+ compounds analyzed; 2021-2024. SAR: carboxyl groups → high activity; bioisosteres → better ADME; privileged fragments identified; heterocycle replacements viable; piperidine modifications promising. Clinical: danuglipron/lotiglipron had issues but spawned robust pipeline.
Tolkacheva, Elena V; Saliev, Alexandr Yu; Salakhov, Tagir L; Balakin, Konstantin V; Ivanov, Roman A; Chernyshov, Vladimir V ·
NPY R1 and R2: overexpressed in multiple cancers. Breast cancer: significant tumor-normal difference (most promising target). Key NPY binding residues identified. Stability solutions: sequence mods, stapling, conjugation. Best use: combinatorial with chemotherapy for targeted delivery.
Tomić, Katarina; Kostevšek, Nina; Romeo, Sergio; Bassanini, Ivan ·
Preclinical: GLP-1 agonists ↓inflammation, ↓oxidative stress, ↓mitochondrial dysfunction, preserved endothelial integrity. Animal: ↓organ damage, ↑survival. Clinical: ↓infection complications, ↓mortality. Mechanisms: anti-inflammatory + cardioprotective + neuroprotective.
Tomy, Noel; Shwartzman, Benjamin; Frishman, William H ·
RTD-1 in human monocytes: ↑interferon and antiviral gene expression (RNA-seq). Mechanism: JAK-dependent STAT1 Y701 phosphorylation, IFNAR-dependent, NF-κB-independent. Antiviral: ↓VSV infection (THP-1), ↓SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus (Vero E6), ↓authentic SARS-CoV-2 (Calu-3).
Tongaonkar, Prasad; Trinh, Katie K; Henley, Jill E; Sell, Philip J; Thakker, Vyoma; Ouellette, André J; Selsted, Michael E ·
GLP-1R expressed in: hypothalamus (appetite) + mesolimbic circuits (reward). Preclinical: ↓food-seeking, ↓dopamine reward signaling, ↓compulsive eating. Clinical: semaglutide + liraglutide → ↓binge episodes, ↓cravings, ↑symptom scores. Dual mechanism: metabolic + reward pathways.
Tongta, Sujitra; Sungkaworn, Titiwat; Pathomthongtaweechai, Nutthapoom ·
GLP1R rs6923761 A allele (prevalent): significantly worse HbA1c response to GLP-1RA vs G allele (p=0.029, dominant model). Overall: all treatments improved HbA1c, weight, BP (p significant). 161 T2DM patients. Real-world clinical practice. SLC5A2 variant: tested for SGLT2i.
Tonin, Gašper; Goričar, Katja; Blagus, Tanja; Janež, Andrej; Dolžan, Vita; Klen, Jasna ·
High dose (0.6 mg/kg): ↑BUN, ↑BUN/Cr, ↑collagen deposition, aberrant ↑GFR, ↑nitrate, ↓nitrite, ↑urinary Na/K ratio. Low dose (0.06 mg/kg): ↓APOP (protective). Both: ↓weight, BP/glucose independent. Female SHR model, 30 days.
Tonon Firmino, Felipe; Peixoto, Pollyana; Batista, Thatiany Jardim; Escouto, Leonardo da Silva; Brasil, Girlandia Alexandre; Couto, Mariana Dos Reis; de Melo Júnior, Antonio Ferreira; Bissoli, Nazaré Souza ·
↑CGRP neurons + protein. HMGB1: ↑cytoplasmic translocation (neurons + SGCs). HIF-1α: ↑nuclear localization (neurons + SGCs). SULT1A1: significantly ↓ (neurons only, not SGCs). Female rats. Piroxicam MOH model. First description of HMGB1/HIF-1α changes in MOH.
Topa, Elif Gulcicek Abbasoglu; Vuralli, Doga; Usta, Duygu Deniz; Calikusu, Aysen; Yigman, Zeynep; Bolay, Hayrunnisa ·
Semaglutide vestibular disorders: 0.12% (6m), 0.41% (3y) vs controls 0.03%, 0.16% (all p significant). Tirzepatide: increased risk but lower than semaglutide (p significant). 419,497 semaglutide + 77,259 tirzepatide users matched.
Toraih, Eman A; Alenezy, Awwad; Hussein, Mohammad H; Hashmat, Shahmeer; Mummadi, Saitej; Alrawili, Nawaf Farhan; Abdelmaksoud, Ahmed; Fawzy, Manal S ·
WS1 iPSC β-cells: ↓insulin processing (proinsulin accumulation, ↓PC1/3), dysregulated Ca²⁺ (altered CACNA1D), ↓SNAP25, ↑autophagy, ↑cytokine-induced apoptosis. Liraglutide: normalized Ca²⁺, ↑insulin processing/secretion, ↓apoptosis. Mechanism: UPR modulation. c.316-1G>A and c.757A>T mutations.
Torchio, Silvia; Siracusano, Gabriel; Cuozzo, Federica; Zamarian, Valentina; Pellegrini, Silvia; Manenti, Fabio; Bonfanti, Riccardo; Frontino, Giulio; Sordi, Valeria; Chimienti, Raniero; Piemonti, Lorenzo ·