Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
First reported cases of allodynia (skin tenderness to normal touch) associated with semaglutide/GLP-1RA use. Novel adverse effect not previously documented. Adds to evolving GLP-1 safety profile.
Stark, Jennifer; Klass, Marian J; Owen, Lauren ·
GHRH agonists: beta-cell regeneration, survival, insulin secretion via direct islet receptor activation. GHRH antagonists: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative effects relevant to diabetes complications. Both offer mechanisms distinct from existing diabetes drugs.
Steenblock, Charlotte; Bornstein, Stefan R ·
Mitochondrial dysfunction: central to both metabolic and neurodegenerative disease. Semaglutide: improves mitochondrial function. Proposed unifying mechanism: mitochondrial rescue explains neuroprotection across Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and other conditions.
Stefano, George B; Büttiker, Pascal; Weissenberger, Simon; Raboch, Jiri; Anders, Martin ·
GLP-1/GIP agonists significantly reduced: intracranial pressure, headache burden (frequency + severity), BMI. Evidence of both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms. CSF secretion reduction demonstrated.
Stefanou, Maria-Ioanna; Chatziralli, Irini; Lambadiari, Vaia; Mengel, Annerose; Foska, Aikaterini; Chondrogianni, Maria; Bakola, Eleni; Tsalouchidou, Panagiota-Eleni; Mitsikostas, Dimos D; Siasos, Gerasimos; Ziemann, Ulf; Tsivgoulis, Georgios ·
Three categories of enzymatic promoters: protease inhibitors (prevent degradation), mucolytic enzymes (clear mucus barrier), tight junction openers (enable paracellular transport). Applicable to oral, nasal, pulmonary peptide delivery.
Steiger, Marilena Bohley; Steinauer, Angela; Gao, Daniel; Cerrejon, David Klein; Krupke, Hanna; Heussi, Miguel; Merkl, Padryk; Klipp, Alexander; Burger, Michael; Martin-Olmos, Cristina; Leroux, Jean-Christophe ·
Leukocyte decline at 24 months: 12.8% (splenectomized) vs 47.2% (non-splenectomized), p significant. Lower leukopenia rates. Better lymphocyte/neutrophil preservation. 34 matched pairs. 2009-2022.
Steinhelfer, Lisa; Jungmann, Friederike; Endroes, Lukas; Lanzafame, Helena; Hermann, Ken; Pfob, Christian H; Lapa, Constantin; Hartrampf, Philipp E; Dörrler, Anna-Lena; Buck, Andreas K; Götze, Katharina; Wenzel, Patrick; Geisler, Fabian; Walter, Robert; Haneder, Eva; Lohöfer, Fabian; Haller, Bernhard; Braren, Rickmer; Eiber, Matthias ·
uC3M significantly lower in kidney-decline patients after 1st treatment (74 vs 135 ng/mg) and 3 months post-EOT (56 vs 118 ng/mg). 43% (6/14) had >25% kidney function decline. Median follow-up 12 months. Other fibrosis markers (PRO-C3, PRO-C6) not significantly different.
Stemann Lau, Tobias; Bossen, Lars; Rasmussen, Daniel Guldager Kring; Genovese, Federica; Karsdal, Morten; Arveschoug, Anne Kirstine; Grønbæk, Henning; Dam, Gitte ·
All three drug classes: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, endothelial protective. GLP-1RAs + SGLT2i: reduce CV mortality, protect against ischemia/reperfusion, slow HF progression. Mechanisms: oxidative stress reduction, inflammation suppression, NO signaling improvement, epigenetic/microbiotic pathway modulation.
Steven, Sebastian; Kuntic, Marin; Münzel, Thomas; Daiber, Andreas ·
Tβ4 reversed hypoxia-induced tight junction damage in hBMVECs. Restored tight junction proteins. Reduced endothelial permeability. S1PR1 identified as the target mechanism. S1PR1 inhibition abolished Tβ4 protection.
Stewart, William G; Hejl, Christina D; Guleria, Rakeshwar S; Gupta, Sudhiranjan ·
Late 70s male; no psychiatric history; T2DM. Developed restlessness + depressive mood ~1 month after semaglutide start. First suicide attempt (impulsive). Symptoms improved after semaglutide discontinuation.
Stojkovska, Anisija; Rus Prelog, Polona; Kokalj Palandacic, Anja ·
TWL: 12.0% ± 3.4% (p<0.001). ≥5% loss: 100%; ≥10%: 76.5%; ≥15%: 23.5%. Significant reductions: BMI, waist circumference, body fat %, HbA1c. Similar across sexes and surgery types. Predictors: baseline BMI nadir, weight regain, body composition, CRP.
Stoll, Fabian; Kantowski, Tobias; Laaser, Jonas; Kloiber, Ulrike; Plitzko, Gabriel; Mann, Oliver; Aberle, Jens; Lautenbach, Anne ·
Improved LVEF at rest and during pacing (both p significant). Increased myocardial perfusion to ischemic segments (p=0.008). Increased capillary density (p=0.008). AMPK pathway activation (p=0.005). eNOS upregulation (p=0.014). 8 treated vs 9 control pigs.
Stone, Christopher; Harris, Dwight D; Broadwin, Mark; Kanuparthy, Meghamsh; Nho, Ju-Woo; Yalamanchili, Keertana; Hamze, Jad; Abid, M Ruhul; Sellke, Frank W ·
Overall: RR 1.08 (1.01-1.14, p=0.016), NNH=287. Galcanezumab: RR 1.13 (p=0.024), NNH=77. Eptinezumab higher doses: RR 1.23 (p=0.015), NNH=24. Fremanezumab: fewest SAEs. Erenumab: most SAEs. 37 RCTs, 22,518 patients.
Straburzyński, Marcin; Kopyt, Daria; Marschollek, Karol; Błaszczyk, Bartłomiej; Kuca-Warnawin, Ewa; Kurowska, Weronika; Misiak, Błażej; Peng, Kuan-Po; Waliszewska-Prosół, Marta; May, Arne ·
Pan-DR binding peptide D identified from in silico prediction. Elevated response in 25 HDM-sensitized patients. Minimal epitope D121B: verified as antigen-processing independent (apitope). Induced tolerance against Der p 1 in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice in vivo.
Streeter, Heather B; Lucas, Lora G; West, Robert M; Krishna, Mamidipudi T; Wraith, David C ·
Liraglutide and semaglutide: improved HS disease severity and quality of life in early studies. Mechanisms: weight loss (reduced mechanical stress) + anti-inflammatory effects. Obesity increases HS prevalence and severity.
Strong, Jennifer; Driscoll, Marcia S ·
Pseudoarthrosis reduction: 6m RR 0.677 (p=0.028), 1y RR 0.708 (p=0.036), 2y RR 0.671 (p=0.010), 3y RR 0.714 (p=0.024). Readmission RR 0.863 (p=0.012). Sepsis RR 0.485 (p=0.002). No increased complications.
Stump, Kyle; Kelleher, Sean; Hannah, Theodore C; Patel, Neal; Kanuparthi, Prasad; Vij, Rohan; Kim, Bong-Soo ·
Ectopic GHRH from NETs: clinically indistinguishable from pituitary acromegaly. Clues: pituitary hyperplasia (not adenoma), elevated serum GHRH, extra-pituitary tumor. Treatment: tumor resection + somatostatin analogs. Risk: persistent hyperplasia/adenoma from prolonged GHRH exposure. MEN1 testing recommended.
Stumpf, Matheo A M; Santana, Nathalie Oliveira; Machado, Marcio Carlos; Duarte, Felipe H; Glezer, Andrea; Raverot, Gérald; Raverot, Véronique; Jallad, Raquel S ·
UFP-112 (peripheral) = AT-403 (brain-penetrant) for reducing CGRP-evoked PMA. N/OFQ internalized NOP and recruited Gαi at membrane + endosomes. N/OFQ attenuated CGRP-induced cAMP in human Schwann cells. NOP knockout: no baseline difference in CGRP sensitivity.
Sturaro, Chiara; Pola, Pietro; Argentieri, Michela; Frezza, Alessia; Marini, Matilde; De Logu, Francesco; Albanese, Valentina; Soukupova, Marie; Malfacini, Davide; Zaveri, Nurulain T; Nassini, Romina; Jensen, Dane D; Geppetti, Pierangelo; Calò, Girolamo; Ruzza, Chiara ·
αCGRP-BMSCs: reduced lateral cartilage OARSI scores, improved mobility, bell-shaped inflammation curve, increased adiponectin. SP-BMSCs: earlier osteophytes (8 weeks), more subchondral bone changes, decreased mobility, rising pain/inflammation markers. Plain BMSCs: general cartilage/bone benefit.
Stöckl, Sabine; Taheri, Shahed; Maier, Verena; Asid, Amir; Toelge, Martina; Clausen-Schaumann, Hauke; Schilling, Arndt; Grässel, Susanne ·
Obese PCOS: elevated BMI, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, testosterone, estradiol; reduced LEP promoter methylation. Liraglutide: ↑LEP promoter methylation → ↓leptin levels → altered sex hormones. Weight/fat loss observed. 135 obese + 72 non-obese PCOS patients.
Su, Lina; Hao, Xiaoxia; Lu, Wenhong ·
New-onset migraine: 20.3% (43/212). CGRP elevated post-closure in migraine patients: 47.9 vs 38.0 pg/mL (p=0.023). NPY: no change. Predictors: young age (aOR 0.98), large ASD (aOR 1.07), residual shunting (aOR 2.78). Unremitting migraine: 48% at 14 years.
Su, Tzu-Hsuan; Wang, Jou-Kou; Kuo, Ping-Hung; Chang, Shu-Hui; Chiou, Lih-Chu; Lee, Wang-Tso; Fan, Pi-Chuan ·
Bright light activated SCN VIP neurons (c-Fos + Ca²+ imaging). Light selectively impaired trace fear memory. Optogenetic activation replicated the effect. Chemogenetic inhibition prevented it. SCN→PVT VIP circuit identified as essential pathway. Novel non-circadian role for VIP neurons.
Su, Xiaoya; Tang, Yikai; Zhong, Yi; Liu, Yunlong ·
SGLT2i vs GLP-1RA: OA HR 0.951 (95% CI 0.916-0.988); joint replacement HR 0.703 (95% CI 0.550-0.898). 37,676 matched per group. Mean age 59.5. TriNetX platform (131M patients).
Su, Yu-Chi; Hsieh, Pei-Chun; Lai, Edward Chia-Cheng; Lin, Yu-Ching ·
LDD-NM: 75.9 nm particles; permeability +1347%; oral bioavailability 5.14% vs 1.11% (4.63x). 12-week oral: superior to SC for HOMA-IR, HbA1c, BAT activation, anti-inflammatory genes, lipid metabolism. Absorption: clathrin endocytosis + macropinocytosis + ASBT pathway.
Subedi, Laxman; Bamjan, Arjun Dhwoj; Phuyal, Susmita; Shim, Jung-Hyun; Cho, Seung-Sik; Seo, Jong Bae; Chang, Kwan-Young; Byun, Youngro; Kweon, Seho; Park, Jin Woo ·
7 patients (5F, 2M; age 28-56); bilateral PET in 5. 4-10 months GLP-1 therapy; 8.2-18.7% weight loss. Symptoms: autophony (7/7), aural fullness (6/7), hearing breathing (5/7). Treatment: 6/7 needed VOX-Implant injections; 1/7 conservative improvement.
Sudhoff, Holger ·
C-peptide: 0.36→1.09 ng/mL (3x increase). Insulin: 88→4 units/day. Glimepiride discontinued. HNF1B p.Glu105Lys MODY. 26-year-old, 15-year diabetes duration.
Sue, Mihiro; Watanabe, Mayu; Inoue, Ayumi; Katayama, Akihiro; Teshigawara, Sanae; Matsushita, Yuichi; Takeda, Masaya; Iseda, Izumi; Eguchi, Jun; Hida, Kazuyuki ·
eGFR: similar decline in both groups (NS). UACR: dulaglutide significantly higher increases vs semaglutide (p significant). Semaglutide superior for UACR in: higher BMI, higher HbA1c, older patients. 747 semaglutide vs 268 dulaglutide, 12 months.
Sue, Yuh-Mou; Lu, De-En; Chang, Te-I; Chen, Chun-You; Chen, Cheng-Hsien; Hsu, Shih-Chang; Chu, Yen-Ling; Huang, Nai-Jen; Chen, Tso-Hsiao; Lin, Feng-Yen; Shih, Chun-Ming; Huang, Po-Hsun; Hsieh, Hui-Ling; Liu, Chung-Te ·
Both: improved liver hydroxyproline, total fat. Resmetirom: ↑O2 consumption, significantly improved steatosis. Semaglutide: ↓energy expenditure, ↓lean mass, significantly reduced fibrosis. Different mechanisms confirmed. First head-to-head comparison.
Sugawara, Takumi; Hitaka, Kosuke; Matsumoto, Mitsuharu; Nakamura, Sayuri; Kobayashi, Ryosuke; Kandori, Hitoshi; Nio, Yasunori ·
RHI: 1.62±0.19 → 2.04±0.60 (p<0.01). BW, HbA1c, LDL-cho also improved (all p<0.01). hsCRP trended down (NS). No correlation between metabolic changes and RHI improvement. 24 patients, mean age 55, 83% male.
Sugiyama, Seigo; Yoshida, Akira; Kurinami, Noboru; Hieshima, Kunio; Jinnouchi, Katsunori; Suzuki, Tomoko; Miyamoto, Fumio; Kajiwara, Keizo; Jinnouchi, Hideaki ·
Actifensin binds lipid II (Kd=30 nM) and lipid I (Kd=24 nM). No membrane disruption. Cell death via cell wall weakening. No hemolysis or cytotoxicity up to 128 µg/ml. No immunogenicity (LDH, TLR signaling). GXGCP motif conserved trans-kingdom.
Sugrue, Ivan; Ade, Carolin; O'Connor, Paula M; Daniel, Jan-Martin; Innocenti, Paolo; Kirsch, Nico; Martin, Nathaniel I; Weindl, Günther; Hill, Colin; Schneider, Tanja; Paul Ross, R ·
38,224 matched patients (19,112 each). BMI reduction ~1 point. Significantly improved: 1-year survival, cardiovascular parameters, liver-related outcomes, advanced liver disease markers, synthetic function. 34 matching variables. TriNetX platform.
Suki, Mohamad; Amer, Johnny; Milgrom, Yael; Massarwa, Muhammad; Hazou, Wadi; Tiram, Yariv; Perzon, Ofer; Sharif, Yousra; Sackran, Joseph; Alon, Revital; Lourie, Nachum Emil Eliezer; Raz, Itamar; Imam, Ashraf; Khalaileh, Abed; Safadi, Rifaat ·
Diabetic ketoalkalosis (simultaneous ketosis + alkalosis). 57-year-old, insulin-dependent T2DM. Switched to tirzepatide. Mechanism: insulin deficiency (ketosis) + vomiting (alkalosis). Resolved with fluids, electrolytes, insulin.
Sultan, Waleed; Spencer, Jeanne ·
Age 32; 5 weeks tirzepatide (2.5→5 mg); lipase 11,645 U/L (100x upper normal). Elevated transaminases, ALP, bilirubin. CT: acute interstitial pancreatitis. MRCP: gallstones but no obstruction. Resolved after cessation + supportive care.
Sumaruth, Yovan; Gopal, Rudramun; Chater, Faris; Dhawan, Saurav; Wild, Tamzin ·
Unprecedented: HbA1c, weight, BP, lipid improvements vs placebo and GLP-1RAs. CV safety confirmed. CV benefit: unknown (pending SURPASS-CVOT and other trials). GIP receptor CV contribution: not established.
Sumithran, Priya; Russell, Anthony W; Zoungas, Sophia ·
BMD: significant increase femoral neck + spine (I²=80.1%). Bone turnover: SMD 0.40-0.58 (I²=0%). Muscle function: SMD 0.60 (I²=0%). Collagen + vitamin D + calcium: synergistic SMDs 0.40-0.56.
Sun, Chongxiao; Yang, Ao; Teng, Fei; Xia, Yayi ·
Liraglutide: reduced depressive behaviors in chronic stress mice. Mechanism: PI3K/AKT → Nrf2 activation → HMGB1 downregulation → reduced microglial inflammation + oxidative stress. In vitro: BV2-HT22 co-culture confirmed neuroprotection. Novel pathway for antidepressant mechanism.
Sun, Jiangjin; Fu, Xiying; Liu, Yaqi; Wang, Tian; Zhao, Xing; Cui, Ranji; Yang, Wei ·
2,242 trials analyzed. GLP-1RAs most frequently tested agents. US: 488 trials, China: 384. GLP-1R downregulated in NAFLD liver tissue. Further downregulation in NASH. Semaglutide binding confirmed by molecular docking.
Sun, Jing; Shi, Run; Zhu, Xinrui; Liu, Yi; Shi, Wenjie; Zhao, Tianyu; Wang, Xuanbin; Zhou, Xiqiao ·
Semaglutide: ↓weight, fat, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR. Modulated liver/adipose metabolic genes + hypothalamic appetite genes. Reshaped gut microbiota. FMT transferred benefits to recipients. Weight rebounded 4 weeks after stopping. Amino acid and pyrimidine metabolism affected.
Sun, Luyan; Shang, Bingqing; Lv, Suyuan; Liu, Guolong; Wu, Qiu; Geng, Yue ·
Sources: legumes, cereals, medicinal plants. Mechanisms: apoptosis (mitochondrial), cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis (VEGF), membrane disruption, metastasis inhibition. Advantages vs chemo: tumor selectivity, reduced toxicity, less resistance. Challenges: stability, delivery, production.
Sun, Mao-Cheng; Yu, Shi-Qi; Zhao, Changhui; Lee, Chi-Ching; Suttikhana, Itthanan; Ashaolu, Tolulope Joshua ·
FPS-GLP: concentration-dependent cell entry in vitro. Intranasal FPS-GLP > GLP-1 analogue alone for hypoglycemia. Intranasal FPS-Ins ≈ intramuscular FPS-Ins for blood sugar reduction. 17-residue C-terminal FPS as transmembrane delivery vector.
Sun, Minglu; Yin, Panfeng; Chen, Si; Wang, Xianchun ·
Lixisenatide: ↓α-synuclein phosphorylation, aggregation, propagation. ↓Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cells. 20-week mouse treatment: improved motor function, protected dopaminergic neurons. Mechanism: inhibited LAG3-mediated neuron-to-neuron α-synuclein seeding.
Sun, Shangqi; Huang, Liqin; Jiang, Gege; Xie, Guanfeng; Li, Xiaoyi; Wang, Xiufeng; Guo, Hongxiu; Wang, Cailin; Zheng, Siyi; Li, Gang; Xiong, Jing ·
Clinical: baseline leptin correlated with tirzepatide weight loss. Mouse: TZP+Lep synergistic weight loss, ↑hepatic insulin sensitivity, ↑BAT thermogenesis, ↓food intake + ↑energy expenditure under thermoneutrality. Mechanism: sensitized POMC and GLP-1R neurons to leptin. Increased POMC firing by reducing inhibitory inputs.
Sun, Xun; Yin, Yuexi; Song, Min; Droz, Brian A; Lin, Yanzhu; Beaty, Kristen N; Zhou, Baohua; Roh, Hyun Cheol; Wilson, Jonathan M; Cain, Paul F; Samms, Ricardo J; Sheets, Patrick L; Ai, Minrong; Ren, Hongxia ·
First: GLP-1R identified in lacrimal gland. GLP-1R downregulated in diabetes. Diabetes: lacrimal inflammation, fibrosis, atrophy, ↓tear secretion. Topical liraglutide: ↓inflammation, ↓fibrosis, ↑autophagy, ↑tear production. RNA-seq: inflammatory pathways enriched.
Sun, Yan; Zhang, Yue; Shi, Fan; Li, Ye; Wang, Congyao; Yu, Fenfen; Chen, Tingting; Dong, Xia; Xu, Yuqi; Zhao, Yu; Wan, Pengxia ·
Short-term SIBO: HR 2.14 (1.13-4.07, p=0.049). Incidence: 0.177 vs 0.083 per 1,000 patient-years. Long-term: HR 2.02 (0.98-4.12, NS), but KM divergence p=0.017. 216,173 per cohort. TriNetX database.
Sun, Yan; Veccia, Donovan; Liu, Benjamin Douglas Xun; Tse, William; Fass, Ronnie; Song, Gengqing ·
High Tβ4 in IBS mucus and mast cells. Tβ4: ↓tight junctions, ↓IL22RA1/Reg3γ, ↑MLCK. Tβ4-/- rats: stress-resistant. CRH receptor 1: triggers Tβ4 release (not degranulation). Mechanism: IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 pathway inhibition.
Sun, Yue-Shan; Bai, Xiao-Qin; Sun, Kai-Di; Li, Jiao; Liu, Lei; Chen, Yuan-Yuan; Zeng, Zhao-Yu; Wang, Qiong; Guo, Yuan-Biao ·
D-amino acid hinge modification: 8x ↑Gram-negative activity, ↓hemolysis, 56x ↑therapeutic index (0.47→26.6). Mechanism switch: membrane disruption → cell-penetrating mode (depolarization + ATP disruption). In vivo: effective in larval infection models. LPS neutralization confirmed.
Sun, Zhengze; Zhao, Ruixin; Zhang, Yueao; Ma, Xiaonan; Jiang, Yangyang; Wang, Tao; Chen, Xiaoling; Ma, Chengbang; Chen, Tianbao; Shaw, Chris; Zhou, Mei; Wang, Lei ·
Established: glycemic control, weight loss, CV event reduction, hypertension, dyslipidemia. Emerging: NASH, Alzheimer's, cancer (certain types), infertility, associative learning. Pipeline: insulin icodec (weekly), IcoSema (weekly insulin+semaglutide).
Sundararaman, Lalitha; Gouda, Divakara; Kumar, Anil; Sundararaman, Sumithra; Goudra, Basavana ·
VH-format mimotopes: highest CGRP receptor binding and antagonist activity. Blocked CGRP-induced cAMP and Ca2+ in SK-N-MC cells. Docking: mimotopes bind at CLR interface preventing CGRP binding. Three formats compared: VH > Fv > CDR3 peptides.
Sung, Jeong Soo; Bae, Hyung Eun; Kang, Min-Jung; Jose, Joachim; Lee, Misu; Chu, Min Kyung; Pyun, Jae-Chul ·
Analysis time: 32 minutes. LOD: 8.8 pg/mL (fremanezumab mimotope F1), 9.4 pg/mL (galcanezumab mimotope G7). LOQ: 125.9 and 84.7 pg/mL. Successfully distinguished 57 migraine patients from 18 controls. Consistent with conventional CGRP assay.
Sung, Jeong Soo; Jung, Jaeyong; Kwon, Soonil; Bae, Hyung Eun; Kang, Min-Jung; Jose, Joachim; Lee, Misu; Cho, Soomi; Chu, Min Kyung; Pyun, Jae-Chul ·
First CFRD case on tirzepatide. Improved: HbA1c, glucose control, weight, blood pressure. 3-month follow-up. No major adverse effects. Long-standing CFRD on basal-bolus insulin. 51-year-old woman.
Suresh Babu, Yashwanth; Jayagopal, Vijay ·