Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Biopsy-confirmed drug-induced liver injury developed after 8 weeks of tirzepatide use in a 76-year-old woman with concurrent 16-pound weight loss. Mechanism unknown.
Phox, Meagan; Thesing, John; Kilgore, W Ransom; Alderson, Joel · Case Report
ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis was misdiagnosed as cardiorenal syndrome for 8 months, leading to irreversible kidney damage.
Phyu, Ei Ei; Yit, Chesda; San, Su Su · Case Report
Multiple GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrated improvements in weight, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS.
Piazza, Mauri José · Narrative Review
VSG and semaglutide produced comparable weight loss but had divergent effects on bone mineral density and cardiac function in obese mice.
Picoli, Caroline de Carvalho; Tsibulnikov, Sergey; Ho, Mavy; DeMambro, Victoria; Feng, Tiange; Eltahir, May; Le, Phuong T; Chlebek, Carolyn; Rosen, Clifford J; Ryzhov, Sergey; Li, Ziru · Animal Study
Both isotretinoin and doxycycline effectively reduced cutaneous inflammatory biomarkers in rosacea, but through distinct biological pathways.
Picosse, Fabíola; Rocha, Marco Alexandre; Costa, Caroline Sousa; Enokihara, Milvia Maria Simões E Silva; Sanudo, Adriana; Bagatin, Ediléia · Randomized Controlled Trial
Tirzepatide 15 mg preserved counterregulatory hormone responses (including glucagon) during induced hypoglycemia, while lowering HbA1c by 1.5%.
Pieber, Thomas R; Svehlikova, Eva; Urva, Shweta; Haupt, Axel; Zhou, Chunmei; Coskun, Tamer; Höller, Vera; Fluhr, Gabriele; Karanikas, Chrisanthi A; Milicevic, Zvonko; Pratt, Edward John · Randomized Controlled Trial
Patients experienced both mental health improvements (from weight loss and metabolic gains) and challenges (from side effects and disrupted eating patterns) on GLP-1 medications.
Pierret, Aureliane C S; Benton, Madeleine; Sen Gupta, Piya; Ismail, Khalida · Qualitative
CGRP and PACAP play complementary but distinct roles in migraine — CGRP drives trigeminal pain while PACAP primarily influences autonomic symptoms.
Pietra, Adriana Della; Kuburas, Adisa; Russo, Andrew F · Narrative Review
Orforglipron 36 mg proved superior to injectable liraglutide in head-to-head Phase 3 trials with ~79% oral bioavailability and no dosing restrictions.
Pillai, Ashwin A; Sharma, Ashish M; Krayem, Hussein; Frishman, William H; Aronow, Wilbert S · Narrative Review
Semaglutide provides multi-system benefits (glycemic control, weight loss, cardiovascular protection, potential neuroprotection) but carries risks including pancreatitis and anesthetic complications.
Pillarisetti, Lekha; Agrawal, Devendra K · Narrative Review
Human clinical trials show early promise for GLP-1 receptor agonists in neurodegenerative diseases, supported by strong preclinical evidence of neuroprotection.
Pilśniak, Joanna; Węgrzynek-Gallina, Julia; Bednarczyk, Błażej; Buczek, Aleksandra; Pilśniak, Aleksandra; Chmiela, Tomasz; Jarosińska, Agnieszka; Siuda, Joanna; Holecki, Michał · Narrative Review
Formyl peptide receptors mediate crotoxin's immunomodulatory effects on macrophages but are not involved in its cellular entry mechanism.
Pimenta, Luciana de Araújo; Kato, Ellen Emi; Sobral, Ana Claudia Martins; Duarte, Evandro Luiz; Lamy, Maria Teresa Moura; Pasqualoto, Kerly Fernanda Mesquita; Sampaio, Sandra Coccuzzo · In Vitro
ILC2s infiltrate the brain post-stroke via CXCR1 and produce α-CGRP that initiates angiogenic sprouting, improving long-term functional recovery.
Ping, An; Yang, Fan; Lu, Lingxiao; Zhang, Xiaotao; Lu, Jianan; Li, Huaming; Gu, Yichen; Jin, Ziyang; Zhang, Jianmin; Shi, Ligen · Animal Study
First real-world comparison of oral vs. injectable semaglutide for HbA1c and weight reduction in type 2 diabetes patients.
Pinto, Maria; Brennan, Lillian; Diehl, Katie; Lin, Shally; Heacock, Samantha · Retrospective Cohort
Fermented sheep whey peptides showed 67-72% inhibition of diabetes and blood pressure-related enzymes, with molecular dynamics confirming stable target binding.
Pipaliya, Rinkal; Basaiawmoit, Bethsheba; Sakure, Amar A; Maurya, Ruchika; Bishnoi, Mahendra; Kondepudi, Kanthi Kiran; Tiwary, Bipransh Kumar; Mankad, Maunil; Patil, G B; Gawai, Kunal; Sarkar, Preetam; Hati, Subrota · In Vitro
Fermented sheep milk produced peptides with 76% ACE inhibition and ~70% anti-diabetic enzyme inhibition, plus anti-inflammatory properties confirmed in vitro.
Pipaliya, Rinkal; Basaiawmoit, Bethsheba; Sakure, Amar A; Maurya, Ruchika; Bishnoi, Mahendra; Kondepudi, Kanthi Kiran; Padhi, Srichandan; Rai, Amit Kumar; Liu, Zhenbin; Sarkar, Preetam; Hati, Subrota · In Vitro
Systemically administered anti-CGRP migraine antibodies reached the brain and counteracted food aversion memories and chemotherapy-induced weight loss in rats.
Pistolesi, Alessandra; Tuniz, Simone; Luceri, Cristina; Molli, Alice; Urru, Matteo; La Rocca, Antonino Iurato; Tanturli, Michele; De Cesaris, Francesco; Buonvicino, Daniela; Chiarugi, Alberto · Animal Study
Both atogepant and rimegepant distribute to central migraine-relevant structures including the trigeminal ganglion, brain cortex, and hypothalamus.
Pistolesi, Alessandra; De Cesaris, Francesco; Buonvicino, Daniela; Chiarugi, Alberto · Animal Study
Corticosteroids upregulated CGRP and receptor expression in the trigeminal system but did not induce head pain, challenging simple CGRP-pain assumptions.
Pistolesi, Alessandra; Tuniz, Simone; Lapucci, Andrea; Molli, Alice; De Cesaris, Francesco; Landini, Lorenzo; Nassini, Romina; Buonvicino, Daniela; Chiarugi, Alberto · Animal Study
Fremanezumab reversed CGRP's anti-inflammatory properties in vitro but did not worsen progressive MS disease course in mice.
Pistolesi, Alessandra; Molli, Alice; De Cesaris, Francesco; Chiarugi, Alberto; Buonvicino, Daniela · Animal Study
Semaglutide reduced anxiety and depression in diabetic animal models by modulating the kynurenine pathway and neurobiological markers in the prefrontal cortex.
Piątkowska-Chmiel, Iwona; Wicha-Komsta, Katarzyna; Pawłowski, Kamil; Syrytczyk, Aleksandra; Kocki, Tomasz; Dudka, Jarosław; Herbet, Mariola · Animal Study
Qualitative analysis of 660 Reddit posts provides rich patient narratives about real-world semaglutide 2.4 mg experiences during a period of high demand and shortages.
Plenn, Eion; Amin, Dylan; Henry, Jonathan; Leavitt, Gabrielle; Walker, Jason; Soleymani, Taraneh · Qualitative
Identified demographic and clinical factors associated with semaglutide initiation for obesity in commercially insured adults without diabetes.
Podolsky, Meghan I; Raquib, Rafeya; Shafer, Paul R; Hempstead, Katherine; Ellis, Randall P; Stokes, Andrew C · Retrospective Cohort
Intranasal GHRP-6 and MK-0677 activated hypothalamic appetite neurons (NPY/AgRP) in mice, confirming brain engagement via nasal delivery.
Poelman, Renée; Le May, Marie V; Schéle, Erik; Stoltenborg, Iris; Dickson, Suzanne L · Animal Study
SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists provide multi-organ protection across the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome spectrum.
Pohlman, Neal; Patel, Prem N; Essien, Utibe R; Tang, Jasmyn J; Joseph, Joshua J · Narrative Review
Fremanezumab significantly reduced headache days in 89 patients, with treatment-naive status among the factors predicting better response.
Polanco, Marcos; Gárate, Gabriel; Sánchez-Gudín, Julia; Madera, Jorge; Pascual, Julio; González-Quintanilla, Vicente · Observational
Reduced kidney function in heart attack patients is associated with elevated RAAS biomarkers and endothelial dysfunction markers that worsen cardiovascular outcomes.
Polianska, Oksana; Tashchuk, Victor; Hulaha, Olha; Olinchuk, Valentyna; Moskaliuk, Inna; Kushnir, Yevhen · Observational
Ghrelin acts as a pleiotropic regulator across feeding, GH release, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular tone, bone remodeling, immunity, neuroprotection, and addiction. Cryo-EM structures reveal bipartite GHSR1a binding pocket enabling biased signaling. Des-acyl ghrelin and mini-ghrelins have distinct, context-dependent effects. LEAP-2 and GOAT inhibitors are emerging therapeutic strategies.
Polishchuk, Hlafira; Guzik, Krzysztof; Kantyka, Tomasz · Narrative Review
Propensity-matched analysis evaluated whether preoperative GLP-1 use affects bariatric surgery outcomes over three years.
Poljo, Adisa; Reichl, Jakob J; Bürgi, Simon; Dirnberger, Amanda S; Schneider, Romano; Klasen, Jennifer M; Billeter, Adrian T; Müller, Beat P; Peterli, Ralph; Kraljević, Marko · Observational
No increased thyroid cancer risk was found in 89,646 GLP-1 RA users followed for a median of 4.5 years compared to matched controls on other diabetes drugs.
Pollack, Rena; Stokar, Joshua · Cohort
NPY differentially suppresses hippocampal network patterns — strongly inhibiting sharp waves while minimally affecting gamma oscillations.
Pollali, Evangelia; Draguhn, Andreas · Animal Study
GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists have immune-modulating effects that may benefit inflammatory skin diseases while also causing potential dermatologic side effects.
Ponce, Mayra Betancourt; Shields, Bridget E · Narrative Review
The protectionist exclusion of pregnant people from GLP-1 research creates evidence gaps that may cause more harm than inclusive research would.
Pondugula, Nishita; Merriam, Audrey A · Policy Analysis
GLP-1 RA users showed differences in dietary intake and Mediterranean diet adherence compared to patients on other diabetes medications.
Ponzo, Valentina; Vitale, Marilena; Bo, Simona; Broglio, Fabio; Goitre, Ilaria; Cioffi, Iolanda · Observational
Retrospective comparison of healthcare costs and resource utilization between GLP-1 RA and SGLT2i initiators in Medicare Advantage patients with type 2 diabetes.
Poonawalla, Insiya B; Abdal, Petir; Hayes, Mary; John, Isha; Diaz, Monica; Dixon, Suzanne; Bowe, Andy · Observational
GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists reduce epicardial adipose tissue volume and inflammatory activity, providing a distinct cardiovascular protection mechanism.
Pop, Andrea S K; Dănilă, Maria D; Giuchici, Silvia; Buriman, Darius G; Lolescu, Bogdan M; Sturza, Adrian; Muntean, Danina M; Lascu, Ana · Narrative Review
Different glucose-lowering drugs showed varying effects on ECG abnormalities and cardiac autonomic neuropathy prevalence over 4 years in the GRADE trial.
Pop-Busui, Rodica; Rosin, Samuel P; Butera, Nicole M; Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi; Abou Assi, Hiba; Garg, Rajesh K; Inzucchi, Silvio E; Katona, Aimee; McGill, Janet B; Mudaliar, Sunder; Schade, David S; Seaquist, Elizabeth R; Tiktin, Margaret; Soliman, Elsayed Z; Green, Jennifer B · Rct
Elevated natriuretic peptide levels in diabetes patients without known heart failure predicted incident heart failure and death.
Pop-Busui, Rodica; Repetto, Enrico; Baron, Jason; Schumacher, Dagmar; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Pandey, Ambarish · Cohort
Noncanonical amino acids in peptide hydrogels modulate physicochemical properties, enhancing stability, biocompatibility, and functionality for biomedical use.
Pophali, Salil; Shrivastava, Vidit; Misra, Rajkumar; Jain, Rahul · Narrative Review
13 AMP-producing LAB strains maintained antimicrobial activity across diverse food processing and storage conditions.
Popoola, Oluwabukola Atinuke; Orukotan, Abimbola Ayodeji; Agarry, Olubunmi Olaitan · Laboratory
IcoSema (weekly insulin icodec + semaglutide) achieved greater HbA1c reduction than semaglutide alone, with similar hypoglycemia risk and GI tolerability but unfavorable weight change, in T2DM patients inadequately controlled on GLP-1 RA therapy.
Popovic, Djordje S; Patoulias, Dimitrios; Koufakis, Theocharis; Papanas, Nikolaos · Editorial Commentary
All GLP-1 RAs studied improved HbA1c, body weight, and waist circumference in real-world Romanian clinical practice.
Popoviciu, Mihaela Simona; Reurean-Pintilei, Delia; Salmen, Teodor; Rus, Marius; Ferician, Anca; Sava, Cristian; Ardelean, Adriana Ioana; Moroianu, Lavinia-Alexandra; Pantea Stoian, Anca · Observational
Synthetic rigin analogs with unexpected structures showed potent antifungal activity with minimal antimicrobial resistance induction.
Porras, Marina; Hernández, Dácil; Boto, Alicia · Laboratory
HD5 prevents AAV cell binding while HNP1 neutralizes AAV post-binding — two distinct innate immune mechanisms that limit gene therapy efficacy.
Porter, Jessica M; Hulce, Kaitlin R; Oswald, Mackenzi S; Busuttil, Kevin; Emmanuel, Shanan N; Bennett, Antonette; McKenna, Robert; Smith, Jason G · Laboratory
HD5 prevents AAV2/AAV6 cell binding; both HD5 and HNP1 inhibit VP1 unique domain externalization required for endosome escape and nuclear entry; both defensins prevent AAV from reaching the nucleus. This mechanism parallels how defensins neutralize other non-enveloped viruses.
Porter, Jessica M; Hulce, Kaitlin R; Oswald, Mackenzi S; Busuttil, Kevin; Emmanuel, Shanan N; Bennett, Antonette; McKenna, Robert; Smith, Jason G · Laboratory
A combined PopPK/PBPK model accurately predicts how dulaglutide-induced gastric emptying delay affects oral drug absorption and pharmacokinetics.
Posada, Maria M; Schneck, Karen B; Morse, Bridget L; Rougee, Luc R A; Tham, Lai San; Rehmel, Jessica F; Thompson, Brian; Stamatis, Stephen D; Hall, Stephen D; Dickinson, Gemma L · Computational
MC3R in the medial hypothalamus is required for bi-directional body weight defense — resisting both anabolic and catabolic weight challenges.
Possa-Paranhos, Ingrid Camila; Butts, Jared; Pyszka, Emma; Nelson, Christina; Congdon, Samuel; Cho, Dajin; Sweeney, Patrick · Animal Study
Of 2,245 GLP-1 RA users for obesity, 2.2% developed acute pancreatitis; gallstone history and alcohol use were significant predictors.
Postlethwaite, Robert; Amin, Amin M; Alsawas, Rand; Almandoz, Jaime P; Sawas, Tarek · Observational
PRRT showed limited response in peritoneal/mesenteric neuroendocrine disease (stable volumes) despite responses in liver metastases, with digestive complication risks.
Poterszman, Nathan; Baltzinger, Philippe; Mamulashvili Bessac, Darejan; Pham Van, Floriane; Goichot, Bernard; Mertz, Luc; Addeo, Pietro; Brigand, Cecile; Imperiale, Alessio · Observational
Study evaluated whether diet-induced weight loss and subsequent liraglutide treatment reduce NGAL, a proinflammatory biomarker linked to osteoarthritis.
Poulsen, Asbjørn Seenithamby; Stisen, Zara Rebecca; Skougaard, Marie; Christensen, Robin; Overgaard, Anders; Gudbergsen, Henrik; Jacobsen, Stine; Balslev-Clausen, Andreas Peter; Henriksen, Marius; Kristensen, Lars Erik; Bliddal, Henning · Rct