Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
A patient developed rheumatoid arthritis three months after starting CGRP antibody therapy for migraines, suggesting potential autoimmune triggering as an adverse effect.
Rua, Catarina; Beirão, Tiago; Silva, Catarina; Meirinhos, Tiago; Pinto, Patricia; Vieira, Romana; Aleixo-Santos, Joana; Costa, Flávio; Fonseca, Diogo; Pinto, Ana Sofia; Samões, Beatriz; Videira, Taciana · Case Series
Interruption of scheduled Botox injections during COVID-19 led to migraine worsening in most patients, emphasizing the importance of treatment continuity for chronic migraine.
Ruan, Qing Zhao; Pak, Daniel J; Gulati, Amitabh; Dominguez, Moises; Diwan, Sudhir; Hasoon, Jamal; Deer, Timothy R; Yong, R Jason; Albilali, Abdulrazaq; Macone, Amanda; Ashina, Sait; Robinson, Christopher L · Review
Semaglutide 2.4 mg produced significant and consistent weight loss across racial and ethnic subgroups in the STEP trials, with comparable safety profiles.
Rubino, Domenica; Angelene, Hanna; Fabricatore, Anthony; Ard, Jamy · RCT
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu or 90Y peptides provided disease control in patients with malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.
Rubino, Manila; Di Stasio, Giuseppe Danilo; Bodei, Lisa; Papi, Stefano; Rocca, Paola Anna; Ferrari, Mahila Esmeralda; Fodor, Cristiana Iuliana; Bagnardi, Vincenzo; Frassoni, Samuele; Mei, Riccardo; Fazio, Nicola; Ceci, Francesco; Grana, Chiara Maria · Cohort
Fenofibrate reduced migraine symptoms in rats by lowering CGRP levels and modulating CGRP/p-CREB/P2X3 and NGF/PKC/ASIC3 signaling pathways.
Ruby, Hassan A; Sayed, Rabab H; Khattab, Mohamed A; Sallam, Nada A; Kenway, Sanaa A · Animal Study
Disproportionality analysis of the European Pharmacovigilance database found no elevated signal for suicidal events with GLP-1 receptor agonists as a class.
Ruggiero, Rosanna; Mascolo, Annamaria; Spezzaferri, Angela; Carpentieri, Claudia; Torella, Daniele; Sportiello, Liberata; Rossi, Francesco; Paolisso, Giuseppe; Capuano, Annalisa · Cohort
Computational analysis shows luteolin can bind to CGRP protein and multiple migraine-related molecular targets, suggesting it could be explored as a natural anti-migraine compound.
Rushendran, Rapuru; Vellapandian, Chitra · In Vitro
CGRP, CCL2, and CCR2 knockout mice all developed normal sumatriptan-induced medication overuse headache, proving these pathways are not required for MOH development. This is surprising because CGRP is central to chronic migraine. However, low-dose IL-2 treatment — which reverses MOH by expanding regulatory T cells — requires intact CCL2-CCR2 signaling to traffic Treg cells to the dura and trigeminal ganglia. Repeated sumatriptan did not enhance CGRP or PACAP signaling in trigeminal neurons.
Ryu, Sun; Zhang, Jintao; Simoes, Roli; Liu, Xuemei; Guo, Zhaohua; Feng, Li; Unsinger, Jacqueline; Hotchkiss, Richard S; Cao, Yu-Qing · Animal Study
Inhibiting VIP interneurons reduced the correlation between behavioral state (measured by facial motion) and individual neuron spiking. During the quiet state specifically, VIP inhibition decreased synchronous neuron firing but increased delta-band power and phase-locking of spikes to delta oscillations. This shows VIP interneurons modulate how behavioral state influences cortical activity across multiple timescales.
Sabri, Ehsan; Batista-Brito, Renata · Animal Study
IMT-P8 linked to the HIV Nef-MPER-V3 antigen produced significantly higher IgG antibody levels than LDP12-linked antigen. When combined with HP91 adjuvant, IMT-P8 generated the strongest humoral response. IMT-P8 also induced more robust IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T cell activation compared to LDP12, indicating superiority as both a humoral and cellular immune activator.
Sadat, Seyed Mehdi; Jahedian, Shekoufa; Sabaghzadeh, Sahar; Larijani, Mona Sadat; Bolhassani, Azam · Animal Study
Pro-BNP demonstrated 94.73% sensitivity and 56.79% specificity for diagnosing cardiac syncope. Higher Pro-BNP levels correlated with age, longer hospitalization, and ECG abnormalities. As an independent marker, Pro-BNP showed acceptable diagnostic performance for identifying cardiac causes of syncope in the emergency department.
Sadrzadeh, Sayyed Majid; Shahri, Bahram; Kamandi, Mostafa; Adimolmasali, Maryam; Rezvani Kakhki, Behrang; Feiz Disfani, Hamideh · Cohort
The niacin-cholic acid-peptide conjugate (amphiphile 1) acts as a membrane disruptor for Gram-negative bacteria, creating entry points for erythromycin. The combination was bactericidal against Gram-negative pathogens, eliminated monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms, and showed antibacterial effectiveness in wound infection models. This approach repurposes an existing antibiotic for infections it normally cannot treat.
Safwan, Sayed M; Mehta, Devashish; Arora, Amit; Khatol, Steffi; Singh, Mohit; Rana, Kajal; Gupta, Sonu K; Kumar, Yashwant; Verma, Vikas; Saini, Varsha; Bajaj, Avinash · In Vitro
SSTR1 was absent in all SCLC samples. SSTR2 was expressed in 29.4% and SSTR3 in 4.35% of cases. Co-expression of SSTR2 and SSTR3 occurred in 5.3% of patients. Female patients showed a trend toward higher expression, and older patients trended toward lower SSTR2 expression, but neither reached statistical significance. Disease stage did not correlate with receptor expression.
Sagie, Nitzan; Romanov, Elizabeth; Kezerle, Yarden; Meirovitz, Amichay; Sheva, Kim · Cohort
Semaglutide reduced incident atrial fibrillation by 42% (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.40–0.85) with no heterogeneity across studies (I² = 0%). The benefit was consistent between oral semaglutide (RR 0.53) and subcutaneous semaglutide (RR 0.59), with no significant difference between routes (p = 0.83). Meta-regression showed no influence of diabetes proportion (p = 0.14) or BMI (p = 0.60) on the effect.
Saglietto, Andrea; Falasconi, Giulio; Penela, Diego; Francia, Pietro; Sau, Arunashis; Ng, Fu Siong; Dusi, Veronica; Castagno, Davide; Gaita, Fiorenzo; Berruezo, Antonio; De Ferrari, Gaetano Maria; Anselmino, Matteo · Meta Analysis
CTP (sequence: APHLSSQYSRT) showed no decrease in human cardiomyocyte viability in vitro. Of 78 protein channels tested, only OPRM1 and COX2 showed any interaction, and neither was expressed in mouse heart tissue. In 60 mice followed for up to 14 days, CTP caused no changes in blood pressure, blood counts, liver function, kidney function, thyroid function, or cardiac size/function on MRI. The peptide appears safe as a cardiac delivery vector.
Sahagun, Daniella A; Lopuszynski, Jack B; Feldman, Kyle S; Pogodzinski, Nicholas; Zahid, Maliha · Animal Study
KS-487-displaying nanoparticles encapsulating KS-133 successfully crossed the blood-brain barrier via subcutaneous injection. Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed time-dependent transport of KS-133 into the brain. When administered to schizophrenia model mice, the nanoparticles significantly improved cognitive dysfunction. This is the first demonstration of a multipeptide nanoparticle achieving therapeutic efficacy by inhibiting VIPR2 in the brain.
Sakamoto, Kotaro; Iwata, Seigo; Jin, Zihao; Chen, Lu; Miyaoka, Tatsunori; Yamada, Mei; Katahira, Kaiga; Yokoyama, Rei; Ono, Ami; Asano, Satoshi; Tanimoto, Kotaro; Ishimura, Rika; Nakagawa, Shinsaku; Hirokawa, Takatsugu; Ago, Yukio; Miyako, Eijiro · In Vitro
GLP-1RAs significantly increased prediabetes reversion to normoglycemia (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.45–2.13, p < 0.00001) and prevented new-onset diabetes (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.19–0.43, p < 0.00001). Significant reductions were also seen in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol (all p < 0.05). Gastrointestinal disorders were more common with GLP-1RAs.
Salamah, Hazem Mohamed; Marey, Ahmed; Abugdida, Mohamed; Abualkhair, Khaled Alsayed; Elshenawy, Salem; Elhassan, Wael Atif Fadl; Naguib, Mostafa Mahmoud; Malnev, Dmitrii; Durrani, Jamrose; Bailey, Ronelle; Tsyunchyk, Anastasiia; Ibrahim, Lena; Zavgorodneva, Zhanna; Sherazi, Andleeb · Meta Analysis
Reported cutaneous reactions to GLP-1 agonists include dermal hypersensitivity reactions, eosinophilic panniculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and morbilliform drug eruptions. These are rare but clinically significant. Diagnosis requires clinical suspicion, thorough medication history, and supporting histopathology when available. Management centers on stopping the GLP-1 drug and tailoring anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory treatment to the specific reaction type.
Salazar, Carlos E; Patil, Mihir K; Aihie, Osaigbokan; Cruz, Nicolas; Nambudiri, Vinod E · Review
Polyphosphate coating shifted nanoparticle charge from positive to negative (masking CPP charge). Intestinal alkaline phosphatase cleaved the polyphosphate, causing charge conversion: from -22.2 mV to +5.3 mV for linear-CPP particles and from -19.2 mV to +11.9 mV for loop-CPP particles. Linear-CPP nanoparticles showed higher uptake on Caco-2 intestinal cells than loop-CPP variants. Enzyme inhibition confirmed alkaline phosphatase drives the charge conversion.
Saleh, Ahmad; Stengel, Daniel; Truszkowska, Martyna; Blanco Massani, Mariana; Kali, Gergely; Bernkop-Schnürch, Andreas · In Vitro
Dual therapy reduced median monthly migraine days from 30 to 15 after the first treatment, then further to 8 after adding the second (p < 0.0001 for both reductions). Among 194 dual-therapy patients, 68% achieved ≥50% reduction and 46.4% achieved ≥75% reduction in monthly migraine days. Consecutive monotherapy reduced migraine days less effectively: onabot alone to 15, anti-CGRP alone to 12. Only 16.6-19.7% of monotherapy patients achieved ≥75% reduction. Dual therapy was significantly better than either monotherapy (p < 0.0001).
Salim, Amira; Hennessy, Elise; Sonneborn, Claire; Hogue, Olivia; Biswas, Sudipa; Mays, MaryAnn; Suneja, Aarushi; Ahmed, Zubair; Mata, Ignacio F · Cohort
Both tirzepatide and retatrutide improve glycemia, HbA1c, body weight, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and renal parameters in type 2 diabetes patients. Tirzepatide has recent proven cardiovascular benefits from dedicated outcomes trials. Retatrutide data is more limited, coming from earlier-phase trials. Both drugs show promising CV risk marker improvement, but standardized long-term follow-up is needed, especially for retatrutide.
Salmen, Teodor; Potcovaru, Claudia-Gabriela; Bica, Ioana-Cristina; Giglio, Rosaria Vincenza; Patti, Angelo Maria; Stoica, Roxana-Adriana; Ciaccio, Marcello; El-Tanani, Mohamed; Janež, Andrej; Rizzo, Manfredi; Gherghiceanu, Florentina; Stoian, Anca Pantea · Meta Analysis
HbA1c decreased from 8.7% to 6.5% over 6 months. Pain scores, NSAID consumption, body weight, and BMI all showed substantial reductions. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) was found between glycemic improvement and pain reduction, suggesting the benefits may be mechanistically linked through GLP-1's anti-inflammatory properties.
Samajdar, Shambo Samrat; Bhaduri, Gaurab; Ghoshal, Pradip Kumar; Mukherjee, Shatavisa; Pal, Jyotirmoy; Chatterjee, Nandini; Joshi, Shashank R · Cohort
GLP-1RA use was not associated with higher odds of adverse events compared to FDA-approved non-GLP-1 medications (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.6) or off-label medications (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–2.3). Notably, starting any antiobesity medication 12 or more months after surgery was associated with dramatically lower risk of adverse events compared to earlier initiation (aOR 0.01, 95% CI 0.0–0.01, p < 0.001).
Samuels, Jason M; Niswender, Kevin D; Roumie, Christianne L; Spann, Matthew D; Flynn, C Robb; Ye, Fei; Blankush, Joseph; Irlmeier, Rebecca; Funk, Luke M; Patel, Mayur B · Cohort
Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly increased HBD-3 and LL-37 antimicrobial peptide levels in periprosthetic tissue from infected joint replacements versus aseptically loosened joints. Positive LL-37 staining was associated with a more reserved prognosis at one-year follow-up. Both peptides could serve as biomarkers for distinguishing septic from aseptic implant failure.
Sandu, Emanuel-Cristian; Serban, Bogdan; Iordache, Sergiu; Cursaru, Adrian; Costache, Mihai Aurel; Dumitru, Adrian; Cirstoiu, Catalin · Cohort
Class B1 GPCRs use an evolutionarily conserved two-step activation mechanism: the C-terminus of the peptide ligand binds to an extracellular hydrophobic groove, then the N-terminus engages a large transmembrane pocket. This mechanism is shared across GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, which has enabled engineering of multifunctional agonists (like tirzepatide for GLP-1/GIP and emerging triple agonists for GLP-1/GIP/glucagon). Cryo-EM structures reveal how these polypharmacologic ligands interact with multiple receptors simultaneously.
Sangwung, Panjamaporn; Ho, Joseph D; Siddall, Tessa; Lin, Jerry; Tomas, Alejandra; Jones, Ben; Sloop, Kyle W · Review
PRRT is now incorporated into major oncology guidelines based on NETTER-1 trial results. The NETTER-2 trial may expand first-line use to G2/G3 NET patients. Dual tracer PET/CT using both FDG and Ga-68 DOTA-SSA could improve patient selection and prognostication. Combination therapies with other agents may enhance efficacy. Somatostatin receptor antagonists and alternative isotopes are being explored as next-generation options.
Santo, Giulia; Di Santo, Gianpaolo; Virgolini, Irene · Review
A multivariate linear regression model using comprehensive, lesion-level, longitudinal features from Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET scans achieved a concordance index of 0.826, AUC of 0.88 (85% specificity, 81% sensitivity), and significant patient stratification into good and poor responders (PFS ≥25 months cutoff, p < 0.00001). This approach outperformed all single-feature predictors in a benchmark study.
Santoro-Fernandes, Victor; Schott, Brayden; Deatsch, Ali; Keigley, Quinton; Francken, Thomas; Iyer, Renuka; Fountzilas, Christos; Perlman, Scott; Jeraj, Robert · Cohort
Semaglutide users had significantly higher rates of increased residual gastric content (20.3% vs 3.2%, p<0.001). Discontinuation >21 days in patients with digestive symptoms and >14 days in those without symptoms resulted in RGC comparable to non-users (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.22-2.01).
Santos, Leonardo Barbosa; Mizubuti, Glenio B; da Silva, Leopoldo Muniz; Silveira, Saullo Queiroz; Nersessian, Rafael Souza Fava; Abib, Arthur de Campos Vieira; Bellicieri, Fernando Nardy; Lima, Helidea de Oliveira; Ho, Anthony M-H; Dos Anjos, Gabriel Silva; de Moura, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux; de Moura, Eduardo Guimarães Hourneuax; Vieira, Joaquim Edson · Cohort
Survodutide achieved MASH improvement without fibrosis worsening in 47% (2.4 mg), 62% (4.8 mg), and 43% (6.0 mg) of participants vs 14% on placebo (P<0.001). Liver fat reduction ≥30% occurred in 57-67% of survodutide groups vs 14% placebo. Fibrosis improved by ≥1 stage in 34-36% vs 22% placebo.
Sanyal, Arun J; Bedossa, Pierre; Fraessdorf, Mandy; Neff, Guy W; Lawitz, Eric; Bugianesi, Elisabetta; Anstee, Quentin M; Hussain, Samina Ajaz; Newsome, Philip N; Ratziu, Vlad; Hosseini-Tabatabaei, Azadeh; Schattenberg, Jörn M; Noureddin, Mazen; Alkhouri, Naim; Younes, Ramy · RCT
Single-stage combined enzymatic hydrolysis (Alcalase + Protana) achieved 80% protein yield and 34-49% degree of hydrolysis, producing low-molecular-weight peptides. Hydrolysates showed ABTS antioxidant activity with EC50 below 5 mg/mL and over 60% ACE inhibition at 5 mg/mL. Gilthead seabream co-products yielded the most promising bioactive peptides.
Sapatinha, Maria; Camacho, Carolina; Pais-Costa, Antónia Juliana; Fernando, Ana Luísa; Marques, António; Pires, Carla · In Vitro
Engraulisin demonstrated successful cellular uptake in mammalian cells at 5 μM with negligible cytotoxicity (MTT assay). It entered cells primarily via endocytosis. The peptide showed selective antimicrobial activity against MRSA. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed positively charged residues form stable interactions with bacterial membrane models (POPC and POPG bilayers).
Saraswat, Saurabh; Chugh, Archana · In Vitro
Oral semaglutide reduced HbA1c by 1.1 percentage points (95% CI -1.27 to -0.96, P<0.001) and body weight by 4.4 kg in real-world UK clinical practice. 36.4% achieved combined HbA1c reduction plus ≥3% weight loss; 27.1% achieved HbA1c reduction plus ≥5% weight loss. No severe hypoglycemia or new safety signals.
Saravanan, Ponnusamy; Bell, Heather; Braae, Uffe Christian; Collins, Edward; Deinega, Alisa; Dhatariya, Ketan; Machell, Alena; Trent, Antonia; Strzelecka, Anna · Cohort
All-D-amino acid versions of small cationic antimicrobial peptides (P4C and P5C) were completely resistant to protease degradation while retaining potent antimicrobial activity against ESKAPE pathogens — the most dangerous drug-resistant bacteria. The D-peptides were also noncytotoxic and nonhemolytic, meaning they killed bacteria without harming human cells. Molecular simulations revealed the mechanism: switching from L to D amino acids barely changed how well the peptides bound bacterial membranes (only ~1 kcal/mol difference), but dramatically reduced binding to proteases by ≥10 kcal/mol. The D-peptides formed inactive complexes with trypsin where the critical catalytic residues couldn't reach the peptide bond to cut it.
Sarkar, Tanumoy; Ghosh, Suvankar; Sundaravadivelu, Pradeep Kumar; Pandit, Gopal; Debnath, Swapna; Thummer, Rajkumar P; Satpati, Priyadarshi; Chatterjee, Sunanda · Laboratory
20-week subcutaneous liraglutide treatment significantly reduced amyloid-β(1-42) accumulation in cerebral cortex and improved spatial working memory in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F Alzheimer's mice. Liraglutide restored AQP4 subcellular polarization to perivascular astrocyte endfeet via PKA-mediated phosphorylation, a mechanism confirmed both in vivo and in an immortalized human astrocyte cell line.
Sasaki, Kana; Fujita, Hiroki; Sato, Takehiro; Kato, Shunske; Takahashi, Yuya; Takeshita, Yukio; Kanda, Takashi; Saito, Takashi; Saido, Takamori C; Hattori, Satoko; Hozumi, Yasukazu; Yamada, Yuichiro; Waki, Hironori · Animal Study
Multiple neuropeptide systems contribute to anxiety regulation through distinct mechanisms. Neuropeptide Y is anxiolytic (reduces anxiety), while CRH, substance P, vasopressin, and cholecystokinin are generally anxiogenic (increase anxiety). PACAP modulates stress responses. Each represents a potential drug target for anxiety disorders.
Satao, Kiran S; Doshi, Gaurav M · Review
Dose escalation from 7 mg to 14 mg oral semaglutide produced a significant additional HbA1c reduction of -0.5 ± 0.8% (from 7.4% to 7.0%, p<0.01) and weight loss of -2.0 ± 4.4 kg (p<0.01) over 24 weeks. 41% of patients achieved ≥3% weight reduction. GI disorders occurred in 10.6% (nausea 7.6%), all mild-moderate.
Sato, Genki; Uchino, Hiroshi; Hirose, Takahisa · Cohort
The STEP HFpEF trial demonstrated that semaglutide significantly improved multiple clinical outcomes in obese HFpEF patients with substantial weight loss. The SELECT trial showed significant reduction in cardiovascular and heart failure events in non-diabetic obese patients. Both trials support obesity-targeted GLP-1 therapy as a viable HFpEF treatment strategy.
Sato, Ryosuke; von Haehling, Stephan · Review
Tat-PEG-lipids successfully induced membrane fusion between extracellular vesicles and DPPC/cholesterol liposomes. Dynamic light scattering showed increased apparent size. FRET, confocal microscopy, and TEM confirmed true membrane fusion (not aggregation). Shorter lipid anchors (C9 and C12) with 5 kDa PEG chains produced the cleanest fusion results.
Sato, Yuya; Zhang, Weixu; Baba, Teruhiko; Chung, Ung-Il; Teramura, Yuji · In Vitro
Switching from dulaglutide to tirzepatide produced average reductions of 1.2% in HbA1c and 3.6 kg in body weight at 6 months. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT) significantly decreased. HbA1c reduction correlated with higher baseline HbA1c, while weight loss was baseline-independent. Fibrosis-4 index trended toward improvement in those with higher baseline values.
Sawamura, Toshitaka; Mizoguchi, Ren; Ohmori, Ai; Kometani, Mitsuhiro; Yoneda, Takashi; Karashima, Shigehiro · Cohort
MetaCGRP achieved 89.8% accuracy on training data and 79.9% on independent test sets, outperforming conventional ML classifiers. Five potential CGRP inhibitors were identified from Thai herbal pharmacopoeia via MetaCGRP screening combined with molecular docking analysis. A free web server is publicly available for the research community.
Schaduangrat, Nalini; Khemawoot, Phisit; Jiso, Apisada; Charoenkwan, Phasit; Shoombuatong, Watshara · In Vitro
GLP-1RAs primarily reduce atherosclerotic CV events (especially stroke) and renal outcomes, while SGLT2is reduce heart failure hospitalization and kidney disease progression. Post-hoc subgroup analyses suggest a combined GLP-1RA/SGLT2i therapy provides greater cardiorenal protection than monotherapy. The FLOW trial established semaglutide's renal protection. The PRECIDENTD trial will prospectively compare combination vs monotherapy.
Scheen, André J · Review
Eptinezumab 100 mg significantly reduced MHD, MMD, and AMD in both EM and CM patients. The 30% MHD responder rate strongly correlated with prior CGRP antibody failure: 78.6% (no prior CGRP mAb), 45.0% (failed 1), 32.1% (failed 2), 23.5% (failed 3), p=0.010. Only 10.4% reported mild side effects.
Scheffler, Armin; Wenzel, Pauline; Bendig, Merle; Gendolla, Astrid; Basten, Jale; Kleinschnitz, Christoph; Nsaka, Michael; Lindner, Diana; Naegel, Steffen; Burow, Philipp; Fleischmann, Robert; Holle, Dagny · Cohort
Without prior detoxification, CGRP antibodies significantly reduced monthly headache days, migraine days, and acute medication intake across all subgroups. In CM-MOH, 60.6% no longer met MOH criteria; in EM-MO, 89% resolved their overuse. 30% responder rates were comparable between patients with and without medication overuse. Only 15.4% of initially successful CM-MOH patients relapsed. No differences between antibody types.
Scheffler, Armin; Basten, Jale; Menzel, Lennart; Fiebelkorn, Dominik; Becker, Wolfgang Alexander; Breunung, Vincent; Schenk, Hannah; Kleinschnitz, Christoph; Nsaka, Michael; Lindner, Diana; Holle, Dagny · Cohort
Hydrophobic ion pairing achieved >75% teriparatide entrapment in sub-200 nm monodispersed liposomes, outperforming other entrapment methods. Transition temperatures of 38-50°C were obtained by modulating phospholipid composition. In vitro assays demonstrated temperature-dependent release kinetics. Released teriparatide maintained biological activity at the PTH1 receptor.
Schlosser, Corinna S; Rozek, Wojciech; Mellor, Ryan D; Manka, Szymon W; Morris, Christopher J; Brocchini, Steve; Williams, Gareth R · In Vitro
Second-generation anti-obesity medications achieve ~15% average weight loss with lifestyle modifications. Three approved drugs: setmelanotide (monogenic obesity), semaglutide 2.4 mg, and tirzepatide. Semaglutide and tirzepatide are particularly effective when treating concurrent obesity and T2D.
Schmitz, Sarah H; Aronne, Louis J · Review
Hydrogel microsphere-semaglutide showed an in vivo release half-life of ~36 days in mice. A single subcutaneous dose produced 20% lean-sparing body weight loss over one month, statistically equivalent to twice-daily semaglutide. Pharmacokinetic simulations predicted once-monthly human dosing with Cmin matching weekly dosing but only 75% of the Cmax, potentially reducing adverse effects.
Schneider, Eric L; Hangasky, John A; Fernández, Rocío Del Valle; Ashley, Gary W; Santi, Daniel V · Animal Study
Significant disproportionality was detected for semaglutide-associated suicidal ideation (ROR 1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.77). Signal strengthened in patients co-taking antidepressants (ROR 4.45) or benzodiazepines (ROR 4.07). Remained significant vs comparators: dapagliflozin (ROR 5.56), metformin (ROR 3.86), orlistat (ROR 4.24). No significant signal detected for liraglutide.
Schoretsanitis, Georgios; Weiler, Stefan; Barbui, Corrado; Raschi, Emanuel; Gastaldon, Chiara · Cohort
Semaglutide improved NYHA class in 32.6% vs 21.5% placebo (OR 2.20, P<0.001). Deterioration occurred in only 2.1% vs 5.2% (OR 0.36, P=0.003). KCCQ-CSS improvement was especially pronounced in NYHA III/IV (10.5 points vs 6.0 in class II). Weight loss was consistent (~8.4%) regardless of baseline NYHA class. Consistent improvements in 6MWD, CRP, and NT-proBNP across all categories.
Schou, Morten; Petrie, Mark C; Borlaug, Barry A; Butler, Javed; Davies, Melanie J; Kitzman, Dalane W; Shah, Sanjiv J; Verma, Subodh; Patel, Shachi; Chinnakondepalli, Khaja M; Harring, Signe; Abildstrøm, Steen Z; Liisberg, Karoline; Kosiborod, Mikhail N · RCT
5 g daily SCP supplementation for 12 weeks significantly reduced pain at rest (p=0.018) and during walking (p=0.032) per physician evaluation. Participants reported significantly less pain climbing stairs (p=0.040) and kneeling (p=0.014) compared to placebo.
Schulze, Claas; Schunck, Michael; Zdzieblik, Denise; Oesser, Steffen · RCT
The peptide adapter alone enhanced cytotoxicity 12-fold. SO1861 alone enhanced it 430-fold. Combined: 4,300-fold enhancement with 51-fold increased specificity for target cancer cells. The adapter augments SO1861-mediated endosomal escape while maintaining tumor specificity.
Schulze, Finn J; Asadian-Birjand, Mazdak; Pradela, Michael; Niesler, Nicole; Nagel, Gregor; Fuchs, Hendrik · In Vitro