Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Tβ4-mediated corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration are associated with increased extracellular ATP levels, P2X7 receptor-mediated calcium influx, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. P2X7 antagonists blocked Tβ4-induced migration.
Yang, Heung-Mo; Kang, Shin Wook; Sung, Jihye; Kim, Kyeongsoon; Kleinman, Hynda · In_vitro
SS-31 treatment suppressed mitochondrial ROS, ameliorated kidney lesions, and decreased NLRP3, IL-1β, and caspase-1 expression in both cisplatin-treated mice and HK-2 kidney cells, protecting against acute kidney injury.
Yang, Shi-Kun; Han, Ya-Chun; He, Jin-Rong; Yang, Ming; Zhang, Wei; Zhan, Ming; Li, Ai-Mei; Li, Liu; Na-Song; Liu, Yu-Ting; Wu, Xue-Qin; Zhang, Qin; Wang, Jian-Wen; Zhang, Hao · Animal
Serum natriuretic peptide concentrations in ESKD patients show moderate to strong positive relationships with underlying heart disease, abnormal cardiac structure/function, and mortality, despite universally elevated baseline levels due to impaired renal clearance.
Yang, Wen-Ling; Fahim, Magid; Johnson, David W · Review
LL-37/chitosan hydrogel significantly reduced pressure ulcer area to 48.12% by day 15, with increased epithelial thickness, capillary density, and upregulated HIF-1α and VEGF-A expression at both mRNA and protein levels.
Yang, Xu; Guo, Jing-Lin; Han, Jing; Si, Rui-Juan; Liu, Pan-Pan; Zhang, Zi-Rui; Wang, Ai-Min; Zhang, Ju · Animal
Thymosin alpha-1 promoted M-MDSC apoptosis by reducing Bcl-2/BAX ratio and inhibited MDSC migration to tumors by suppressing HIF-1α-mediated VEGF production in tumor cells.
Yang, Zhenzhen; Guo, Jiacheng; Cui, Kang; Du, Yabing; Zhao, Huan; Zhu, Lili; Weng, Lanling; Tang, Wenxue; Guo, Jiancheng; Zhang, Tengfei; Shi, Xiaojing; Zong, Hong; Jin, Shuiling; Ma, Wang · Animal
Liposomal gp100-pulsed DC vaccine combined with anti-PD-1 therapy produced the strongest anticancer immunity with significantly increased gp100-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration, tumor regression, prolonged survival, and enhanced IFN-γ production.
Yazdani, Mona; Gholizadeh, Zahra; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Hatamipour, Mahdi; Alani, Behrang; Nikzad, Hossein; Mohamadian Roshan, Nema; Verdi, Javad; Jaafari, Mahmoud Reza; Noureddini, Mahdi; Badiee, Ali · Animal
Humanin overexpression extended C. elegans lifespan dependent on daf-16/Foxo. HNG treatment improved metabolic healthspan and reduced inflammation in middle-aged mice. Humanin levels were elevated in children of centenarians and stable in naked mole-rats but declined with age in other species.
Yen, Kelvin; Mehta, Hemal H; Kim, Su-Jeong; Lue, YanHe; Hoang, James; Guerrero, Noel; Port, Jenna; Bi, Qiuli; Navarrete, Gerardo; Brandhorst, Sebastian; Lewis, Kaitlyn Noel; Wan, Junxiang; Swerdloff, Ronald; Mattison, Julie A; Buffenstein, Rochelle; Breton, Carrie V; Wang, Christina; Longo, Valter; Atzmon, Gil; Wallace, Douglas; Barzilai, Nir; Cohen, Pinchas · Animal
Cell-penetrating foldamers containing various non-natural building blocks can achieve organized secondary structures that enhance cell membrane permeability, functioning as potential drug delivery system (DDS) carriers.
Yokoo, Hidetomo; Misawa, Takashi; Demizu, Yosuke · In_vitro
B-mR9-MTX/HA nanoparticles demonstrated glutathione-triggered degradability, CD44-mediated cancer cell targeting, efficient intracellular methotrexate delivery, and superior tumor inhibition in vivo.
Yoo, Jisang; Rejinold, N Sanoj; Lee, DaeYong; Noh, Ilkoo; Koh, Won-Gun; Jon, Sangyong; Kim, Yeu-Chun · In_vitro
Oxytocin exerts anxiolytic effects through modulation of social cognition, fear learning/extinction, HPA axis regulation, and interactions with serotonergic and GABAergic systems, with clinical evidence supporting potential therapeutic use in social anxiety and separation anxiety disorders.
Yoon, Seoyoung; Kim, Yong-Ku · Review
STING-/- mice showed increased susceptibility to C. rodentium infection with impaired bacterial clearance and lower REG3γ expression. STING agonists activated STAT3 and glycolysis in intestinal epithelial cells to promote REG3γ production, and 2,3-cGAMP treatment inhibited colitis in vivo.
Yu, Yanbo; Yang, Wenjing; Bilotta, Anthony J; Yu, Yu; Zhao, Xiaojing; Zhou, Zheng; Yao, Suxia; Xu, Jimin; Zhou, Jia; Dann, Sara M; Li, Yanqing; Cong, Yingzi · Animal
Single intraoperative administration of neutrophil peptide 1 (10 μg/mL) improved nerve conduction velocity, sciatic functional index, and tibialis anterior muscle fiber cross-sectional area at 4 weeks post-crush injury compared to saline controls.
Yuan, Yu-Song; Niu, Su-Ping; Yu, Fei; Zhang, Ya-Jun; Han, Na; Lu, Hao; Yin, Xiao-Feng; Xu, Hai-Lin; Kou, Yu-Hui · Animal
LY3298176 (tirzepatide) is biased toward pERK1/2 relative to cAMP at both GIPR and GLP-1R. The triple agonist showed bias toward pERK1/2 relative to β-arrestin2 recruitment at GLP-1R. Mono-agonists Pro3GIP and Lys3GIP are biased toward pERK1/2 at GIPR.
Yuliantie, Elita; Darbalaei, Sanaz; Dai, Antao; Zhao, Peishen; Yang, Dehua; Sexton, Patrick M; Wang, Ming-Wei; Wootten, Denise · In_vitro
Lactoferrin and lactoferricins combat pathogens through iron sequestration, membrane disruption, biofilm inhibition, toxin neutralization, and virulence factor inhibition, with no reported pathogen resistance and demonstrated synergy with antimicrobial drugs.
Zarzosa-Moreno, Daniela; Avalos-Gómez, Christian; Ramírez-Texcalco, Luisa Sofía; Torres-López, Erick; Ramírez-Mondragón, Ricardo; Hernández-Ramírez, Juan Omar; Serrano-Luna, Jesús; de la Garza, Mireya · Review
After 6 cycles of neoantigen peptide vaccination and neoantigen-reactive T cell therapy, the patient achieved stable disease with significant pain relief. Post-treatment biopsy showed decreased mutant allele frequency for 92% (12/13) of targeted neoantigens.
Zeng, Yongyi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Zhenli; Zheng, Youshi; Wang, Yingchao; Chen, Geng; Qiu, Liman; Ke, Kun; Su, Xiaoping; Cai, Zhixiong; Liu, Jingfeng; Liu, Xiaolong · Human
Tumor acidity-activatable polyanionic coating deshielded at pH 6.5, re-exposing R9 peptide and significantly increasing intracellular drug concentration in tumor cells. The system remarkably promoted anti-tumor efficiency in tumor-bearing mice.
Zhang, Liting; Jiang, Chengtao; Zeng, Fanjun; Zhou, Haiyu; Li, Dongdong; He, Xinyu; Shen, Song; Yang, Xianzhu; Wang, Jun · Animal
DP7-C delivered antigens to 75-95% of DCs via caveolin/clathrin pathways and induced DC maturation via TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB. In human lung cancer patient MoDCs, antigen uptake increased from 14-40% to 88-98%, presentation from ~15% to ~65%, and mature DCs from ~20% to ~60%.
Zhang, Rui; Tang, Lin; Tian, Yaomei; Ji, Xiao; Hu, Qiuyue; Zhou, Bailing; Zhenyu, Ding; Heng, Xu; Yang, Li · Animal
Neoantigen-pulsed DC vaccines induced T-cell immune responses for 6/6 neoantigens vs. 4/6 for adjuvant vaccines, and anti-tumor effects for 5/6 vs. 2/6 neoantigens in LL2 lung carcinoma models.
Zhang, Rui; Yuan, Fengjiao; Shu, Yang; Tian, Yaomei; Zhou, Bailing; Yi, Linglu; Zhang, Xueyan; Ding, Zhenyu; Xu, Heng; Yang, Li · Animal
GLP-1 and ghrelin receptors co-localize on vagal afferent neurons innervating the stomach. Each peptide abolishes the electrical and feeding effects of the subsequently administered peptide. Ghrelin generates hyperpolarizing current while GLP-1 generates depolarizing current in isolated nodose ganglia neurons.
Zhang, Weidong; Waise, T M Zaved; Toshinai, Koji; Tsuchimochi, Wakaba; Naznin, Farhana; Islam, Md Nurul; Tanida, Ryota; Sakoda, Hideyuki; Nakazato, Masamitsu · Animal
Nanoemulsion-encapsulated MAGE multi-antigen/HSP70 vaccine elicited significantly stronger cellular immune responses (IFN-γ ELISPOT and cytotoxicity) and anti-tumor effects than non-encapsulated vaccine in humanized SCID mice bearing hepatic cancer.
Zhang, Xiumin; Huang, Yang; Li, Xia; Wang, Yanxia; Yuan, Yuan; Li, Mingyang · Animal
Substance P upregulated NK-1 receptor expression in trigeminal satellite glial cells via the PKA/RAS-B-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. NK-1R antagonist, MEK inhibitor, RAF inhibitor, and PKA inhibitor all reduced NK-1 expression and pain behavior, while PKC inhibitor did not.
Zhang, Yan-Yan; Song, Ning; Liu, Fei; Lin, Jiu; Liu, Meng-Ke; Huang, Chao-Lan; Liao, Da-Qing; Zhou, Cheng; Wang, Hang; Shen, Jie-Fei · Animal
Oral administration of collagen peptide (CP) and elastin peptide (EP) together reversed skin aging in mice subjected to both D-galactose (which accelerates aging) and UV radiation. The combination increased collagen and elastin content in the skin, boosted hyaluronic acid and hydroxyproline levels, and reduced MMP-3 (a collagen-destroying enzyme) and IL-1α (an inflammatory marker). The molecular mechanism involved upregulation of seven key factors involved in collagen and elastin synthesis: IGF-1, LOX, SMAD2, JNK, SP1, TβRII, and TGF-β. Importantly, the collagen and elastin peptides appeared to work synergistically — together they were more effective than either alone.
Zhang, Zejun; Zhu, Huawei; Zheng, Yating; Zhang, Lanyue; Wang, Xiaoling; Luo, Zhen; Tang, Jian; Lin, Li; Du, Zhiyun; Dong, Changzhi · Preclinical (Animal Study)
GIP shows neuroprotective effects in both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models by restoring energy utilization, reducing inflammation, protecting synapses, and reducing pathological proteins. Dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists with enhanced BBB penetration show improved neuroprotection.
Zhang, Zhen Qiang; Hölscher, Christian · Review
nHA/PA66/D-RADA16/bFGF reduced hydrogel degradation rate and prolonged bFGF sustained release, promoting BMSC proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenesis in vitro and bone repair in vivo.
Zhao, WeiKang; Li, Yuling; Zhou, Ao; Chen, Xiaojun; Li, Kai; Chen, Sinan; Qiao, Bo; Jiang, Dianming · In_vitro
Lactam-bridged α-RgIA analogues maintained high potency and selectivity for human α9α10 nAChR with enhanced serum stability. NMR confirmed the macrocyclic peptide preserves the native conformation. Molecular docking rationalized selective binding.
Zheng, Nan; Christensen, Sean B; Blakely, Alan; Dowell, Cheryl; Purushottam, Landa; McIntosh, J Michael; Chou, Danny Hung-Chieh · In_vitro
(EX-4)2-Fc significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, macrophage numbers, and shifted M1 to M2 macrophage polarization in adipose tissue of DIO mice. The anti-inflammatory effect was mediated by leptin suppression and MAPK/NF-κB pathway modulation.
Zhou, Bailing; Dong, Chunyan; Zhao, Binyan; Su, Xiaoqing; Luo, Yi; Xie, Li; Tian, Yaomei; Zhang, Rui; Yang, Li · Animal
Stapled/halogenated helical peptides achieved >5-fold improved binding affinity for the CETP self-binding site compared to native peptide. Stapling reduced conformational disorder in free state without perturbing binding mode, enhancing competitive potency.
Zhu, Jian; Wei, Sen; Huang, Linchen; Zhao, Qi; Zhu, Haichao; Zhang, Anwei · In_vitro
Camp deletion in Spink5-/- mice suppressed epidermal inflammation and restored abnormal differentiation. Joint Klk5 and Camp invalidation significantly extended survival. Cathelicidin is causally implicated in NS-associated skin inflammation.
Zingkou, Eleni; Pampalakis, Georgios; Sotiropoulou, Georgia · Animal
Peptides derived from wheat bran protein demonstrated significant blood pressure-lowering and antioxidant effects. When wheat bran protein was enzymatically digested and separated by size, the smallest fraction (under 1 kDa) showed the strongest activity — reducing systolic blood pressure by 35 mmHg in spontaneously hypertensive rats after a single oral dose, compared to 20 mmHg for the unfractionated hydrolysate. The small peptide fraction also showed superior ACE-inhibitory and renin-inhibitory activity in lab tests. Seven specific peptides were identified (NL, QL, FL, HAL, AAVL, AKTVF, and TPLTR), suggesting these short peptide sequences are responsible for the blood pressure-lowering effect.
Zou, Zhipeng; Wang, Mingjie; Wang, Zhigao; Aluko, Rotimi E; He, Rong · Animal
Rapid cytosolic CPP import depends on calcium influx via Orai1. Cell surface sialic acids mediate peptide-Orai1 interaction. Blocking Orai1 or sialic acids inhibited uptake; thapsigargin (Orai1 activator) reconstituted uptake at low peptide concentrations.
Zuconelli, Cristiane R; Schmidt, Samuel; Wallbrecher, Rike; van Oostrum, Jenny; Bartels, Yvonne L; Didan, Yuliia; Berendsen, Mike L T; Brock, Roland; Adjobo-Hermans, Merel J W · In_vitro
Elamipretide protected against surgery-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 pyroptosis activation, synaptic protein downregulation, and cognitive deficits in aged mice hippocampus.
Zuo, Youmei; Yin, Lei; Cheng, Xinqi; Li, Jun; Wu, Hao; Liu, Xuesheng; Gu, Erwei; Wu, Jing · Animal
GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors showed significant improvements in metabolic parameters (weight, insulin sensitivity), hormonal parameters (reduced androgens, increased SHBG), and reproductive outcomes (improved menstrual regularity, ovulation, and pregnancy) in PCOS.
Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani; Deshmukh, Harshal; Atkin, Stephen; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat · Review
D-amino acids and D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) have been found in patients with cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions, where they may serve as disease biomarkers or therapeutic targets. The spontaneous conversion of L-amino acids to their D-form in long-lived proteins alters protein structure and function, potentially contributing to disease progression. Elevated free D-amino acid levels in certain diseases reflect altered metabolism and may provide diagnostic value. Advances in analytical techniques are improving our ability to detect and study these mirror-image molecules.
Abdulbagi, Mohamed; Wang, Liya; Siddig, Orwa; Di, Bin; Li, Bo · Review
Current in vitro permeability assays have limitations in predicting oral bioavailability of food-derived bioactive peptides. Advanced mass spectrometry and peptidomics are needed to detect individual peptides from complex hydrolysates in biological samples.
Abeer, Muhammad Mustafa; Trajkovic, Sanja; Brayden, David J · Review
Endogenous opioid peptides show variant-specific pharmacological profiles across OPRM1 7TM C-terminal splice variants, with distinct patterns of receptor binding, G protein activation, and β-arrestin2 recruitment indicating biased signaling.
Abrimian, Anna; Kraft, Tamar; Pan, Ying-Xian · Review
SP/NK-1R signaling controls GBM cell growth, exerts anti-apoptotic effects, stimulates invasion/metastasis, and activates vascularization. NK-1R antagonists can block these cancer-promoting effects and represent a potential additional treatment target.
Afshari, Amir R; Motamed-Sanaye, Ali; Sabri, Hamed; Soltani, Arash; Karkon-Shayan, Sepideh; Radvar, Sarvin; Javid, Hossein; Mollazadeh, Hamid; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat; Sahebkar, Amirhossein · Review
PAS-CPP-GLP-2 showed antidepressant-like effects within 20 min of intranasal administration at the same dose effective by i.c.v. injection, while i.v. delivery was ineffective. The modification prevented degradation and enabled transcellular nose-to-brain transport.
Akita, Tomomi; Kimura, Ryosuke; Akaguma, Saki; Nagai, Mio; Nakao, Yusuke; Tsugane, Mamiko; Suzuki, Hiroaki; Oka, Jun-Ichiro; Yamashita, Chikamasa · Animal
Tβ4 significantly reduced caspase-9, MMP-9 activity, hyaluronan, oxidative stress, and inflammation markers while restoring antioxidant levels in both pre-treatment and peri-ischemic treatment groups. Serum creatinine and BUN were significantly reduced (p<0.001).
Aksu, Ugur; Yaman, Onur M; Guner, Ibrahim; Guntas, Gulcan; Sonmez, Fuat; Tanriverdi, Gamze; Eser, Mediha; Cakiris, Aris; Akyol, Sibel; Seçkin, İsmail; Uzun, Hafize; Yelmen, Nermin; Sahin, Gulderen · Animal
Daily intranasal OT for 4 weeks increased endogenous salivary OT levels that persisted at 4-week follow-up. Increases were most pronounced in individuals with larger improvements in ASD social symptoms, suggesting a positive spiral of OT release.
Alaerts, Kaat; Steyaert, Jean; Vanaudenaerde, Bart; Wenderoth, Nicole; Bernaerts, Sylvie · Human
Both p-AppK and p-Acl showed dual antibacterial (including MDR strains) and anticancer activity without hemolysis. The leucine→phenylalanine substitution in p-Acl significantly enhanced activity, particularly against osteosarcoma (HOS, MG63) cells.
Almeida, José R; Mendes, Bruno; Lancellotti, Marcelo; Franchi, Gilberto C; Passos, Óscar; Ramos, Maria J; Fernandes, Pedro A; Alves, Cláudia; Vale, Nuno; Gomes, Paula; da Silva, Saulo L · In_vitro
Tmsb4x was identified via in vivo CRISPR screening as a promoter of DGC liver metastasis. It enhanced clonogenicity and anoikis resistance. E-cadherin deficiency upregulated Tmsb4x via Wnt signaling in stomach organoids.
An, Hyeok-Won; Kim, Si-You; Kwon, Jong-Wan; Seok, Sang-Hyuk; Woo, Sang-Ho; Kim, Dae-Yong; Park, Jun Won · Animal
Food-derived bioactive peptides from various dietary sources demonstrate antidiabetic activity through blood glucose reduction, improved insulin uptake, and inhibition of DPP-IV and α-glucosidase enzymes in in vitro and in vivo studies.
Antony, Priya; Vijayan, Ranjit · Review
Short peptides have evolved from simple hormone replacements to versatile therapeutic platforms including cell-penetrating agents, vaccines, drug delivery systems, aptamers, and smart biomaterials, with continued advances in synthesis and computational design.
Apostolopoulos, Vasso; Bojarska, Joanna; Chai, Tsun-Thai; Elnagdy, Sherif; Kaczmarek, Krzysztof; Matsoukas, John; New, Roger; Parang, Keykavous; Lopez, Octavio Paredes; Parhiz, Hamideh; Perera, Conrad O; Pickholz, Monica; Remko, Milan; Saviano, Michele; Skwarczynski, Mariusz; Tang, Yefeng; Wolf, Wojciech M; Yoshiya, Taku; Zabrocki, Janusz; Zielenkiewicz, Piotr; AlKhazindar, Maha; Barriga, Vanessa; Kelaidonis, Konstantinos; Sarasia, Elham Mousavinezhad; Toth, Istvan · Review
Peptides with fewer than 30 amino acids can be attached to the surface of liposomes (tiny fat-based delivery capsules) to guide chemotherapy drugs directly to tumors. These peptide-functionalized liposomes work by recognizing receptor proteins that are overexpressed on cancer cells, enabling active tumor targeting rather than relying on passive accumulation. The review covers targeting strategies for multiple aggressive cancers including glioblastoma, pancreatic, lung, and breast cancer, each exploiting different receptors overexpressed on their tumor surfaces. While standard liposomal drugs like Doxil reduce toxicity by passive targeting (the EPR effect), adding peptide ligands enables active homing that can significantly improve tumor-specific drug delivery.
Aronson, Matthew R; Medina, Scott H; Mitchell, Michael J · Review
Aquasomes enhance peptide stability through ceramic core-polyhydroxy oligomer coating for oral delivery. Microneedles (150-1500 μm) create transdermal pathways for peptide drugs. Both approaches address the key barriers of oral degradation and skin impermeability.
Asfour, Marwa Hasanein · Review
Dairy proteins and their encrypted bioactive peptides exhibit diverse bioactivities including antimicrobial, satiety, mineral-binding, and anti-lipidemic properties. Individual protein fractions (caseins, whey proteins) have distinct bioactivity profiles.
Auestad, Nancy; Layman, Donald K · Review
MLAA-34236-244 (ILDRHNFAI) showed strongest HLA-A*0201 binding, induced specific CTL responses, inhibited tumor growth, and improved survival in leukemia-bearing humanized SCID mice with favorable cytokine profiles.
Bai, Ju; Wang, Jianli; Yang, Yun; Wang, Fangxia; He, Aili; Zhang, Wanggang · In_vitro
The 'NP rule' — conservative mutant orientation of anchor residues in immunogenic neoantigens — improved neoantigen prioritization when integrated with existing prediction algorithms. Structural analysis showed these mutations enhance both MHC binding and TCR recognition.
Bai, Peng; Li, Yongzheng; Zhou, Qiuping; Xia, Jiaqi; Wei, Peng-Cheng; Deng, Hexiang; Wu, Min; Chan, Sanny K; Kappler, John W; Zhou, Yu; Tran, Eric; Marrack, Philippa; Yin, Lei · In_vitro
Oral bioactive peptides improve multiple diseases via T-reg expansion, and collagen hydrolysate supplementation reduces OA pain. However, higher circulating T-regs are associated with reduced CVD/allergy risk but increased solid cancer risk.
Barati, Meisam; Jabbari, Masoumeh; Nickho, Hamid; Esparvarinha, Mojgan; Javadi Mamaghani, Amirreza; Majdi, Hasan; Fathollahi, Anwar; Davoodi, Sayed Hossein · Review
LEAP-2 is significantly higher in girls vs. boys regardless of obesity status. In girls, LEAP-2 increases significantly during puberty (p<0.001) and correlates positively with insulin, IGF-1, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and negatively with ghrelin.
Barja-Fernández, Silvia; Lugilde, Javier; Castelao, Cecilia; Vázquez-Cobela, Rocío; Seoane, Luisa M; Diéguez, Carlos; Leis, Rosaura; Tovar, Sulay · Human