Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Hexarelin (0.2 mg/kg) combined with morphine attenuated analgesic tolerance and enhanced antinociception in tail-flick and hot-plate tests. The GHS-R antagonist [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 showed no significant effect on morphine tolerance.
Baser, Tayfun; Ozdemir, Ercan; Filiz, Ahmet Kemal; Taskiran, Ahmet Sevki; Gursoy, Sinan · Animal
Insulin-SGDC nanocomplexes achieved 6.44% pharmacological availability via jejunal administration through ASBT-mediated active transport. Jejunal delivery was 17.89-fold more effective than colonic. Caco-2 permeability improved 6.36-fold vs. insulin solution.
Bashyal, Santosh; Seo, Jo-Eun; Choi, Young Wook; Lee, Sangkil · Animal
TAT-RsTAL fusion protein successfully entered B16F10 melanocytes and inhibited melanin biosynthesis in a time-dependent manner (12.7% at 24h, 28.2% at 48h, 33.9% at 72h) with no significant effect on cell viability up to 100 μg/mL.
Behzadipour, Yasaman; Sadeghian, Issa; Ghaffarian Bahraman, Ali; Hemmati, Shiva · In_vitro
Inulin and butyrate restored WSD-impaired Paneth cell α-defensin and MMP7 expression, induced colonic β-defensin-1 and tight junction genes, improved intestinal permeability, reduced endotoxemia, and attenuated hepatosteatitis. Mechanism involved SCFA-mediated STAT3 activation and histone deacetylation.
Beisner, Julia; Filipe Rosa, Louisa; Kaden-Volynets, Valentina; Stolzer, Iris; Günther, Claudia; Bischoff, Stephan C · Animal
First-in-class cyclic temporin L analogues were created using lactam, triazole, hydrocarbon, and disulfide linkers. The library revealed relationships between α-helical content and antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities.
Bellavita, Rosa; Casciaro, Bruno; Di Maro, Salvatore; Brancaccio, Diego; Carotenuto, Alfonso; Falanga, Annarita; Cappiello, Floriana; Buommino, Elisabetta; Galdiero, Stefania; Novellino, Ettore; Grossmann, Tom N; Mangoni, Maria Luisa; Merlino, Francesco; Grieco, Paolo · In_vitro
Tα1 restored barrier integrity and immune homeostasis in inflamed CF mouse gut, protected pancreas and liver, and showed similar benefits in a metabolic syndrome model relevant to CF patients with high caloric intake.
Bellet, Marina M; Borghi, Monica; Pariano, Marilena; Renga, Giorgia; Stincardini, Claudia; D'Onofrio, Fiorella; Brancorsini, Stefano; Garaci, Enrico; Costantini, Claudio; Romani, Luigina · Animal
GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), but improvements in traditional risk markers only partially account for this benefit, suggesting direct anti-atherogenic mechanisms.
Berndt, Jared; Ooi, Soo Liang; Pak, Sok Cheon · Review
Thymosin α1 has a strong theoretical basis for preventing severe COVID-19 in immunocompromised cancer patients, supported by its known immune-modulating properties, leading to a Phase II randomized clinical trial.
Bersanelli, Melissa; Giannarelli, Diana; Leonetti, Alessandro; Buti, Sebastiano; Tiseo, Marcello; Nouvenne, Antonio; Ticinesi, Andrea; Meschi, Tiziana; Procopio, Giuseppe; Danielli, Riccardo · Human
At pH 5.5-6 (the range commonly used for mAb formulations), pyroglutamate formation in lyophilized solids was faster than in solution, with markedly different pH-dependence profiles between the two states.
Bersin, Lia M; Patel, Sajal M; Topp, Elizabeth M · In_vitro
CGRP ligand antibodies and receptor-targeting agents have distinct mechanisms: receptor antibodies and gepants block multiple peptides and receptors, while ligand antibodies selectively block only CGRP signaling.
Bhakta, Minoti; Vuong, Trang; Taura, Tetsuya; Wilson, David S; Stratton, Jennifer R; Mackenzie, Kimberly D · Review
Lactoferricin and lactoferrampin show synergistic antimicrobial effects when combined, and their activity is further enhanced by natural plant extracts.
Biasibetti, Elena; Rapacioli, Silvia; Bruni, Natascia; Martello, Elisa · In_vitro
BPC 157 at 0.01 μg/kg achieved complete healing of perforated stomach injuries by day 7 through rapid vascular restoration and NO-system modulation, outperforming pantoprazole and ranitidine.
Bilic, Z; Gojkovic, S; Kalogjera, L; Krezic, I; Malekinusic, D; Knezevic, M; Sever, M; Lojo, N; Kokot, A; Kasnik, K; Kralj, T; Vukojevic, J; Siroglavic, M; Peklic, M; Drmic, D; Milavic, M; Sikiric, S; Skorak, I; Brizic, I; Hriberski, K; Kubat, M; Vladic, J; Boban Blagaic, A; Tvrdeic, A; Skrtic, A; Seiwerth, S; Sikiric, P · Animal
Antimicrobial peptide gene expression in skin oscillates along day/night rhythms with two distinct patterns: activity-phase peptides controlled by light and sleep-phase peptides controlled by an internal circadian clock.
Bilska, Bernadetta; Zegar, Aneta; Slominski, Andrzej T; Kleszczyński, Konrad; Cichy, Joanna; Pyza, Elzbieta · Animal
Nicotine withdrawal (24-48h) dramatically increased NPY and receptor (Y1, Y2, Y5) mRNA levels across the mesocorticolimbic system, suggesting NPY signaling upregulation as a compensatory response to withdrawal-induced negative affect.
Birdogan, Ali; Salur, Elif; Tuzcu, Fulya; Gokmen, Ramazan C; Ozturk Bintepe, Meliha; Aypar, Buket; Keser, Aysegul; Balkan, Burcu; Koylu, Ersin O; Kanit, Lutfiye; Gozen, Oguz · Animal
Subcutaneous ghrelin was safe without dose-limiting toxicity in advanced cancer cachexia patients, with positive effects on nutritional intake and subjective experience despite variable appetite responses.
Blum, David; de Wolf-Linder, Susanne; Oberholzer, Rolf; Brändle, Michael; Hundsberger, Thomas; Strasser, Florian · Case Series
Combination of CGRP mAbs with onabotulinumtoxinA reduced monthly headache days by an additional 3.5-4.0 beyond Botox alone, with 45.1% achieving meaningful disability improvement.
Blumenfeld, Andrew M; Frishberg, Benjamin M; Schim, Jack D; Iannone, Ashley; Schneider, Gary; Yedigarova, Larisa; Manack Adams, Aubrey · Observational
Oral octreotide using TPE technology achieved therapeutic endpoints in Phase III trials with ~0.7% relative oral bioavailability, requiring 20 mg capsules compared to 0.1 mg subcutaneous injections.
Brayden, David J; Maher, Sam · Review
5.3% of migraine patients with Raynaud phenomenon experienced microvascular complications from CGRP antagonists, including rare but serious events like gangrene requiring digit amputation.
Breen, Ilana D; Brumfiel, Caitlin M; Patel, Meera H; Butterfield, Richard J; VanderPluym, Juliana H; Griffing, Leroy; Pittelkow, Mark R; Mangold, Aaron R · Observational
Cluster analysis separated PWS patients (23/27) into a distinct group with paradoxically elevated levels of both hunger (ghrelin) and satiety (leptin, PYY, GIP, GLP-1) hormones, suggesting hormonal dysfunction rather than simple imbalance.
Bueno, Marta; Boixadera-Planas, Ester; Blanco-Hinojo, Laura; Esteba-Castillo, Susanna; Giménez-Palop, Olga; Torrents-Rodas, David; Pujol, Jesús; Corripio, Raquel; Deus, Joan; Caixàs, Assumpta · Observational
Higher-protein, low-GI diet for weight maintenance did not attenuate post-weight-loss changes in ghrelin or PYY compared to moderate-protein diet, and appetite hormone changes did not predict weight regain over 3 years.
Buso, Marion E C; Seimon, Radhika V; McClintock, Sally; Muirhead, Roslyn; Atkinson, Fiona S; Brodie, Shannon; Dodds, Jarron; Zibellini, Jessica; Das, Arpita; Wild-Taylor, Anthony L; Burk, Jessica; Fogelholm, Mikael; Raben, Anne; Brand-Miller, Jennie C; Sainsbury, Amanda · Rct
DA4-JC improved cognition, enhanced hippocampal synaptic function, normalized mitochondria via PINK1-Parkin pathway, and reduced both amyloid and p-tau pathology in APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice.
Cai, Hong-Yan; Yang, Dan; Qiao, Jing; Yang, Jun-Ting; Wang, Zhao-Jun; Wu, Mei-Na; Qi, Jin-Shun; Hölscher, Christian · Animal
Two short gecko cathelicidin-derived peptides (38-42 and 33-42 fragments) showed potent antioxidant and wound healing activity in mice with significantly lower toxicity than the parent peptide.
Cai, Shasha; Lu, Changao; Liu, Zhenlei; Wang, Wenbo; Lu, Shuxin; Sun, Zhaoxing; Wang, Guannan · Animal
The collagen-derived peptide FNLRMQ inhibits ACE activity and protects blood vessel endothelial cells from angiotensin II-induced injury through Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathways.
Cai, Shuilin; Pan, Nan; Xu, Min; Su, Yongchang; Qiao, Kun; Chen, Bei; Zheng, Bingde; Xiao, Meitian; Liu, Zhiyu · In Vitro
GLP-1 RAs increased bone mineral density at multiple skeletal sites over 52 weeks, while placebo showed significant bone loss at the spine, femoral neck, and total hip.
Cai, Ting-Ting; Li, Hui-Qin; Jiang, Lan-Lan; Wang, Hui-Ying; Luo, Meng-Hui; Su, Xiao-Fei; Ma, Jian-Hua · Rct
Pepsin-treated goat milk casein fraction caused 80.92% apoptotic cell death in HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells, the highest among all enzyme-protein combinations tested.
Cakir, Bilal; Tunali-Akbay, Tugba · In Vitro
Ghrelin receptors co-localize with Type II taste cells and their deletion reduces fat taste sensitivity specifically in female mice after high-fat diet exposure.
Calder, Ashley N; Yu, Tian; Dahir, Naima S; Sun, Yuxiang; Gilbertson, Timothy A · Animal
Hemopressin reduced arthritis-induced joint swelling, pain behavior, and inflammatory markers (MPO, leukocytes, IL-6) via both intra-articular and oral routes, independent of CGRP and substance P.
Camargo, Livia L; Denadai-Souza, Alexandre; Yshii, Lidia M; Lima, Carla; Teixeira, Simone A; Cerqueira, Anderson R A; Gewehr, Mayara C F; Fernandes, Elizabeth S; Schenka, André A; Muscará, Marcelo N; Ferro, Emer S; Costa, Soraia K P · Animal
Across 200,148 participants and 396,457 person-years, GLP-1 RAs showed cardiovascular safety with potential MACE benefit for liraglutide (PE range 0.53-0.95) and no association with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, or hypoglycemia.
Caparrotta, Thomas M; Templeton, Jack B; Clay, Thomas A; Wild, Sarah H; Reynolds, Rebecca M; Webb, David J; Colhoun, Helen M · Systematic Review
GHRH agonist MR-409 protected retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve injury and additively enhanced macrophage-mediated neuroprotection, with effects mediated through Akt phosphorylation and microglial activation.
Cen, Ling-Ping; Ng, Tsz Kin; Liang, Jia-Jian; Xu, Ciyan; Zhuang, Xi; Liu, Yu-Fen; Chen, Shao-Lang; Xu, Yanxuan; Yang, Qichen; Yuan, Xiang-Ling; Qin, Yong Jie; Chan, Sun On; Chen, Haoyu; Zhang, Mingzhi; Schally, Andrew V; Pang, Chi Pui · Animal
AP collagen peptides blocked cortisol-induced GR activation and prevented the suppression of TGF-β signaling and collagen type I production in human dermal fibroblasts, senescent cells, and skin models.
Chae, Minjung; Bae, Il-Hong; Lim, Sung Hwan; Jung, Kyoungmi; Roh, Jonghwa; Kim, Wangi · In Vitro
Cathelicidin-MH protected mice from lethal sepsis through a unique combination of antimicrobial activity, LPS neutralization, coagulation suppression (affecting tPA, plasmin, tryptase, elastase, thrombin, and chymase), and MAPK signaling inhibition.
Chai, Jinwei; Chen, Xin; Ye, Tiaofei; Zeng, Baishuang; Zeng, Qingye; Wu, Jiena; Kascakova, Barbora; Martins, Larissa Almeida; Prudnikova, Tatyana; Smatanova, Ivana Kuta; Kotsyfakis, Michail; Xu, Xueqing · Animal
LfcinB15 kills Candida albicans through at least three mechanisms: membrane disruption, ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while activating Hog1 and Mkc1 stress-response kinases.
Chang, Che-Kang; Kao, Mou-Chieh; Lan, Chung-Yu · In Vitro
Researchers developed and validated a method using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode to detect 41 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues in human urine. The method achieved detection limits between 0.20 and 0.92 ng/mL, meeting all WADA minimum performance requirements. The technique was validated on over 5,000 real urine samples with zero false positives and zero false negatives. The entire chromatographic run takes just 14 minutes, making it efficient for high-throughput anti-doping laboratories. The PRM mode dramatically reduces background noise from the urine matrix, improving both the reliability of screening and the accuracy of confirmation testing.
Chang, Wei; He, Genye; Yan, Kuan; Wang, Zhanliang; Zhang, Yufeng; Dong, Tianyu; Liu, Yunxi; Zhang, Lisi; Hong, Liu · Method Validation Study
IBS-D patients showed downregulated NPS, NPY, and NPY2R alongside increased mast cell activation and PAR-2 expression, suggesting mast cell-driven neuropeptide changes link gut inflammation to psychological symptoms.
Chao, Guanqun; Wang, Zhaojun; Zhang, Shuo · Observational
Peptide vaccines targeting GPC3 have shown safety and immune activation in HCC clinical trials, and neoantigen vaccines represent a promising next step with preclinical data supporting clinical trial initiation.
Charneau, Jimmy; Suzuki, Toshihiro; Shimomura, Manami; Fujinami, Norihiro; Nakatsura, Tetsuya · Review
Oxytocin administration can ameliorate a wide range of drug-induced neurobehavioral changes across all three stages of addiction: it suppresses drug reward during the binge stage, reduces stress responses and social impairments during withdrawal, and prevents drug-, cue-, and stress-induced reinstatement. Clinical studies have shown beneficial effects of oxytocin on reducing substance use disorders involving heroin, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine.
Che, Xiaohang; Cai, Jialing; Liu, Yueyang; Xu, Tianyu; Yang, Jingyu; Wu, Chunfu ·
Current neoantigen prediction pipelines have significant limitations in accuracy, while tumor heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironments remain major barriers to successful cancer neoantigen vaccine translation.
Chen, Ina; Chen, Michael Y; Goedegebuure, S Peter; Gillanders, William E · Systematic Review
Tiger frog cathelicidin HR-CATH combines direct antimicrobial activity (membrane disruption, DNA degradation) with immune-stimulating properties (macrophage chemotaxis and respiratory burst enhancement).
Chen, Jie; Lin, You-Fu; Chen, Jia-Hao; Chen, Xiang; Lin, Zhi-Hua · In Vitro
PTH's dual bone-building and bone-resorbing effects depend on administration pattern, working through Wnt, cAMP, and RANKL pathways. PTH-related peptides in development may overcome teriparatide's clinical limitations.
Chen, Tianhong; Wang, Yi; Hao, Zhuowen; Hu, Yingkun; Li, Jingfeng · Review
cAMP drives substance P release through dual PKA and Epac2 pathways, but Epac2's contribution is selectively lost during latent pain sensitization, potentially reflecting chronic pain-related neural remodeling.
Chen, Wenling; McRoberts, James A; Ennes, Helena S; Marvizon, Juan Carlos · Animal
Personalized neoantigen vaccine was safe in pancreatic cancer with low tumor mutation burden; one patient showed dramatic antigen-specific T-cell expansion from 0% to ~100% with 21-month vaccine-associated survival.
Chen, Zheling; Zhang, Shanshan; Han, Ning; Jiang, Jiahong; Xu, Yunyun; Ma, Dongying; Lu, Lantian; Guo, Xiaojie; Qiu, Min; Huang, Qinxue; Wang, Huimin; Mo, Fan; Chen, Shuqing; Yang, Liu · Case Series
Substance P at 5 nmol/kg restored spermatogenesis in busulfan-treated azoospermic mice by stimulating spermatogonia proliferation via NK1R-ERK1/2 signaling.
Chen, Zhihong; Liu, Minjie; Hu, Jin-Hua; Gao, Yong; Deng, Chunhua; Jiang, Mei Hua · Animal
GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2i protect cardiovascular and renal systems through distinct but complementary mechanisms: GLP-1 RAs reduce atherosclerotic events while SGLT2i reduce heart failure and preserve kidney function.
Cherney, David Z I; Udell, Jacob A; Drucker, Daniel J · Review
ACE inhibitors increase substance P levels in spinal cord and DRG, causing mechanical allodynia through NK-1R signaling. ACE normally degrades substance P, revealing a previously underappreciated pain-related side effect mechanism.
Choi, Jae-Gyun; Choi, Sheu-Ran; Kang, Dong-Wook; Kim, Jaehyuk; Park, Jin Bong; Kim, Hyun-Woo · Animal
Substance P serves as a balanced agonist for MRGPRX2, activating both G-protein and β-arrestin pathways. Tyr279 in the NPxxY motif is essential for both signaling modes.
Chompunud Na Ayudhya, Chalatip; Amponnawarat, Aetas; Ali, Hydar · In Vitro
hBD-2 acts as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, immune modulator, and potential inflammation biomarker, with special importance in infant immunity and potential therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases and microbiome maintenance.
Cieślik, Martyna; Bagińska, Natalia; Górski, Andrzej; Jończyk-Matysiak, Ewa · Review
ADA prevalence ranged from <1% to ~18% and neutralizing ADA from 0-12% across CGRP mAbs, with adverse events related to ADA formation rare across all four approved migraine antibodies.
Cohen, Joshua M; Ning, Xiaoping; Kessler, Yoel; Rasamoelisolo, Michele; Campos, Verena Ramirez; Seminerio, Michael J; Krasenbaum, Lynda J; Shen, Honglue; Stratton, Jennifer · Review
MRGPRX2 acts as a broad sensor for cationic molecules, enabling mast cells to bridge nociception and skin inflammation, contributing to pruritus, pain, atopic dermatitis, and drug-induced reactions.
Corbière, Auriane; Loste, Alexia; Gaudenzio, Nicolas · Review
NK1 receptor antagonists attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation after blast and concussive TBI by modulating Akt, ERK1/2, and JNK kinases, with the mechanism initiated by TRPV1 mechanoreceptor-mediated substance P release.
Corrigan, Frances; Cernak, Ibolja; McAteer, Kelly; Hellewell, Sarah C; Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V; Turner, Renée J; Vink, Robert · Animal
After footshock stress, adolescent mice showed elevated hippocampal NPY and no anxiety increase, while adult mice showed reduced hippocampal NPY and increased anxiety — opposite neuropeptide responses to the same stressor.
Cortes, Mariana A; Corder, Katelynn M; Dobrunz, Lynn E · Animal