Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Sequential intranasal/IV administration with anti-CTLA-4: 43% complete GBM regression. Intranasal route bypassed BBB via olfactory bulb and trigeminal nerve. Enhanced DC uptake and activation. Robust local and systemic anti-GBM immunity.
Shi, Yan; Sun, Yinping; Zhao, Songsong; Sun, Zhiwei; Xia, Mingyu; Zhong, Zhiyuan; Meng, Fenghua ·
27 stapled cecropin A derivatives created. CEC-2-9 identified as optimal: enhanced antibacterial potency, increased helicity and stability, decreased hemolysis, improved in vivo efficacy in peritonitis sepsis model.
Shi, Yejiao; Luo, Gan; Zhen, Borui; Liu, Zhinan; Chen, Sumeng; Wang, Zhe; Lu, Wuyuan; Hu, Honggang; Li, Xiang ·
FAERS analysis: gabapentin and acetaminophen significantly lowered nausea events in GLP-1-treated patients. Mouse validation: exenatide induced dose-dependent pica (nausea); gabapentin co-treatment significantly decreased exenatide-induced pica without affecting food intake.
Shibui, Norihiro; Suzuki, Takahide; Yamamoto, Hiroki; Shirakawa, Hisashi; Kaneko, Shuji; Yamamoto, Kouichi; Nagayasu, Kazuki ·
Tirzepatide: -8.53 kg vs semaglutide: -6.85 kg (p=0.033). 89% achieved ≥5% weight loss; 33% achieved ≥10%. Tirzepatide had higher rates in both thresholds. Lifestyle interventions most enhanced tirzepatide. GI adverse events more frequent with tirzepatide.
Shil, Kishore Kumar; Hira, Ananda D; Bakchi, Sudipta; Paul, Susanta K; Hossain, Mahmud; Ghosh, Debasish K ·
3 of 6 NET cell lines expressed high GLP-1R. Semaglutide increased GOT1 growth 19%, NT-3 growth 22% in vitro. In vivo: semaglutide increased GOT1 xenograft tumor volume by 72%. GLP-1R expression correlated with growth response.
Shilyansky, Jonathan S; Chan, Casandro J; Xiao, Sophia; Gribovskaja-Rupp, Irena; Quelle, Dawn E; Howe, James R; Dillon, Joseph S; Ear, Po Hien ·
DNA nanoflower structures (150-250 nm) masked CPP activity under physiological conditions. Cold plasma treatment disrupted DNA masking and restored peptide function. Fluorescence recovery, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity all controllable by plasma activation in 2D and 3D models.
Shim, Gayong ·
HD5 secretion positively correlated with Bifidobacterium abundance during weaning. High weaning-period Bifidobacterium predicted Bifidobacterium-rich microbiota at age 3. HD5 selectively kills pathogens while sparing beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium.
Shimizu, Yu; Yokoi, Yuki; Ohira, Shuya; Izumi, Hirohisa; Kawakami, Satomi; Ihara, Miu; Tabata, Fuka; Takeda, Yasuhiro; Kimura, Takashi; Nakamura, Koshi; Tamakoshi, Akiko; Ayabe, Tokiyoshi; Nakamura, Kiminori ·
CM vs EM: CM showed shortened colon length, elevated gut CGRP, increased inflammatory cytokines, and enrichment of T cells, Tregs, and macrophages in distal colon. EM showed increased dendritic and B cell populations. Both reduced food intake and body weight.
Shin, Dae-Chul; Jung, Harry; Park, Songyi; Song, Dan-Gyeong; Lee, Sang-Hwa; Sohn, Jong-Hee ·
High ΔWTV (≥-10%): HR 3.053 (p=0.049); high ΔTRE (≥-21%): HR 3.567 (p=0.028) for shorter PFS. Both remained significant in multivariate analysis adjusted for WHO grade (HR 3.345 and 3.894). 66.7% of patients experienced progression.
Shin, Eonwoo; Kim, Yong-Il; Yoo, Changhoon; Shin, Yeokyeong; Ryoo, Baek-Yeol; Lee, Dong Yun; Ryu, Jin-Sook ·
In EAE and demyelination models: reduced oxidative stress, preserved axons, suppressed microglial/astrocytic activation, promoted remyelination. Early MS patient data: well-tolerated, metabolic benefits, no disease exacerbation. Diabetic cohorts: reduced neurological impairment and dementia incidence.
Shirani, Afsaneh; Stuve, Olaf ·
Pooled weight change: -5.71 kg (95% CI -9.56 to -1.86, p=0.01; I²=78%). Semaglutide subgroup: -5.59 kg (p=0.03; I²=80%). BMI change: -2.18 kg/m² (p<0.01; I²=81.1%). Evidence certainty: Low (weight) to Very Low (other outcomes).
Shirmard, Fatemeh Ojaghi; Pourfaraji, Seyed Morteza; Omouri-Kharashtomi, Mahyaar; Amani, Arash ·
RCTs: no interaction (p>0.05 all outcomes)—GLP-1RA benefits consistent with/without SGLT2i. Observational: combo vs SGLT2i mono: MACE HR 0.59, all-cause mortality HR 0.57, MI HR 0.73, stroke HR 0.72, HF HR 0.71. Combo vs GLP-1RA mono: CV mortality HR 0.35, all-cause mortality HR 0.59, renal HR 0.43.
Shokravi, Arveen; Seth, Jayant; Mancini, G B John ·
NMA: SGLT2i reduced HF hospitalization and kidney outcomes more than incretin therapies in T2D+ASCVD/high CV risk and CKD. Incretin therapies uniquely reduced HF events in HFpEF with obesity. Both classes reduced MACE, CV mortality, all-cause mortality, MI, and stroke in T2D+ASCVD. SGLT2i benefits extended to acute HF and post-MI.
Shokravi, Arveen; Seth, Jayant; Lu, Nelson; Mancini, G B John ·
34 trials identified; 70.6% non-industry funded; 88.2% targeted T2D diagnosed ≤6 years; 56% used combination therapy (metformin + insulin + GLP-1); 35.3% lacked specific remission criteria. GLP-1RAs and GIP analogs recommended for future trials.
Shoung, Nicholas; Carette, Claire; Rassy, Nathalie; Phan, Aurélie; Greenfield, Jerry R; Hu, Frank B; Rives-Lange, Claire; Czernichow, Sébastien ·
AMPs combat drug resistance through membrane permeabilization, intracellular process alteration, biofilm inhibition, and immune modulation. These multiple mechanisms make resistance development challenging. AMPs are effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells.
Shriwastav, Shalini; Kaur, Narinder; Hassan, Mahmudul; Ahmed Mohammed, Shakeel; Chauhan, Samrat; Mittal, Divya; Aman, Shahbaz; Bibi, Ayesha ·
Out of 44 combinations of 9 drugs, sodium phenylbutyrate + exenatide + tauroursodeoxycholic acid uniquely improved 4 endpoints (neurite length, branch points, live neurons, neurofilament). Tested in wild-type iPSC-derived neurons, idiopathic PD patient cells, and alpha-synuclein triplication line.
Shtilbans, Alexander; Esneault, Elise; Simon, Florian; Mazzulli, Joseph R; Quiriconi, Drew J; Rom, Dror; Reintsch, Wolfgang E; Krahn, Andrea I; Durcan, Thomas M ·
Two classes of PrAMP mechanisms identified: Class I blocks elongation (A-site tRNA interference, P-site CCA-end disruption), Class II disrupts termination, ribosome release, and 50S assembly. New rumidicin family with Trp-Phe dyad enhances activity. Multiple binding sites on ribosomes for Class II.
Shulenina, Olga V; Tolstyko, Eugene A; Konevega, Andrey L; Paleskava, Alena ·
NPY depolarized 16% and hyperpolarized 26% of SFO neurons (n=31). EC50: 3.9 nM (depolarizing), 3.5 nM (hyperpolarizing). Y5: predominantly hyperpolarizing; Y1/Y2: mixed. Mechanisms: increased voltage-gated K+ current (hyperpolarization), persistent Na+ current shift (depolarization).
Shute, Lauren; Fry, Mark ·
IcoSema: glycemic efficacy non-inferior to glargine+aspart; similar hypoglycemia risk; significant body weight reduction (vs weight gain with insulin); once-weekly convenience; favorable safety profile.
Siamashvili, Maka; Davis, Stephen N ·
GLP-1RAs reduce caloric intake with frequent protein inadequacy and sarcopenia. Deficiencies within 12 months: vitamin D (most common), thiamine/B vitamins, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium. No formal monitoring protocols exist despite parallel mechanisms to bariatric surgery.
Sibal, Rhea; Balamurugan, G; Langley, Jasmine; Graham, Yitka; Mahawar, Kamal ·
SGLT2i: SBP -2.5-4.0 mmHg, DBP -1.5-2.0 mmHg, 24h ABPM SBP -3.8 mmHg. GLP-1RA: SBP -1.8-5.1 mmHg, DBP ~0.5 mmHg. Tirzepatide: ~10.6 mmHg SBP in select populations. SGLT2i more consistent; GLP-1RA more variable.
Siddiqi, Ahmed Kamal; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Kulkarni, Anandita; Hall, Michael E; Böhm, Michael; Díez, Javier; Butler, Javed ·
Composite HFH/CV death: HF HR 0.81, T2DM HR 0.85, obesity HR 0.70, CKD HR 0.79 (NS). CV death reduced in HF (HR 0.88), T2DM (HR 0.85), obesity (HR 0.83). HFrEF exception: HFH HR 1.17 (NS) but CV death HR 0.67 (significant). No increased SAEs (RR 0.94).
Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Waqas, Saad Ahmed; Van Spall, Harriette G C; Shapiro, Michael D; Fonarow, Gregg C; Januzzi, James L; Afzal, Aasim M; Pandey, Ambarish; Butler, Javed; Greene, Stephen J ·
Males: MACE -14%, kidney -20%, stroke -21%. Females: MACE -18%, kidney -31%, stroke -25%. No significant sex interactions (all p>0.05). CV death, MI, HHF also similar between sexes.
Siddiqui, Hasan Fareed; Ali, Dua; Sajid, Maryam; Qureshi, Shaheer; Siddiqui, Hibah; Hasan, Ali; Ripley, David; Ahmed, Raheel; Waqas, Saad Ahmed ·
Tumor-homing peptides target receptors on tumor vasculature for selective NP delivery. Tumor-penetrating peptides promote extravasation and deep tissue penetration. Peptide targeting exploits molecular differences between healthy and malignant tissue. Review covers accumulation, barrier overcoming, and therapeutic outcomes.
Sidorenko, Valeria; Tobi, Allan; Sugahara, Kazuki N; Teesalu, Tambet ·
GLP-1RA vs DPP-4i at 36 months: weight -9.6% vs -2.4% (ETD -7.1 percentage points, p<0.001); HbA1c -1.0% vs +0.2% (ETD -1.2, p=0.04). Treatment duration: GLP-1RA 1036 days, DPP-4i 1109 days.
Sidra, F N U; Agarwal, Shubham; Lockhart Pastor, Paola; Xie, Donglu; Li, Xilong; Lingvay, Ildiko ·
JV-1-36 elevated ATG-5, ATG-3, ATG-7, ATG-16L1 in GHRH receptor-positive MDA-MB-468 and A549 cells. No effect in GHRH receptor-negative MCF-7 cells. Confirms receptor-dependent autophagy induction.
Sigdel, Madan; Fakir, Saikat; Sarker, Md Matiur Rahman; Barabutis, Nektarios ·
NPY mediates cancer hallmarks through Y1R/Y2R/Y5R: sustained proliferation, apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Potential applications: prognostic/predictive biomarker, receptor-based imaging, and targeted therapy across multiple cancer types.
Sigorski, Dawid; Sejda, Aleksandra; Abualsaud, Nouran; Krawczyk, Ewa; Izycka-Swieszewska, Ewa; Kitlinska, Joanna ·
Psoriatic T cells: increased CCR6, decreased CXCR3-high. Chemokine receptors varied by CLA/CD103 expression. LL-37 modulated chemokine secretion in Th1 and Th17 microenvironments. Th1 and Th17 stimulation produced distinct chemokine secretion clusters by PCA.
Sigurgrímsdóttir, Hildur; Eysteinsdóttir, Jenna Huld; Kristjánsson, Árni Kjalar; Agnarsson, Bjarni A; Freysdottir, Jona; Lúðvíksson, Björn Rúnar ·
Mortality RR 0.85 (95% CI 0.79-0.91, I²=0%). Reduced SAEs and MI. Increased nausea RR 3.00, vomiting RR 4.12, diarrhea RR 1.88. All confirmed by TSA. 50 trials, 54,972 participants.
Sillassen, Christina Dam Bjerregaard; Petersen, Johanne Juul; Faltermeier, Pascal; Yucel, Delal; Siddiqui, Faiza; Andersen, Rebecca Kjær; Graever, Leonardo; Bjerg, Jonas Leth; Kamp, Caroline Barkholt; Grand, Johannes; Dominguez, Helena; Frølich, Anne; Gæde, Peter; Gluud, Christian; Mathiesen, Ole; Jakobsen, Janus Christian ·
SG affects insulin/AMPK/IGF-1/mTOR/sirtuin pathways that regulate oocyte development, ovarian aging, and embryo implantation. Off-label use could cause starvation/sarcopenia with fertility consequences. No preclinical data exist on ovarian implications of SG.
Sills, E Scott; Harrity, Conor; Chu, Howard I; Wang, Jing-Wen; Yang, Fan; Wood, Samuel H ·
Adult evidence: GLP-1RAs reduce body weight up to 15% and significantly decrease OSA severity. Proposed for adolescents with severe obesity + OSA as adjunct to multidisciplinary care. Addresses access inequity in sleep labs and obesity clinics.
Silva, Dilan; Baur, Louise; Fitzgerald, Dominic A ·
Tirzepatide improved intestinal barrier (increased Cldn12, Ocln, JamA, decreased Muc2), reduced inflammation (decreased macrophage activation), reversed dysbiosis (decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increased Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Prevotella). Treatment: 10 nmol/kg for 4 weeks.
Silva-Veiga, Flavia Maria; Marinho, Thatiany Souza; de Souza-Mello, Vanessa; Aguila, Marcia Barbosa; Mandarim-de-Lacerda, Carlos Alberto ·
Overall cancer: MH-OR 1.05 (NS). Thyroid cancer: OR 1.55 (1.05-2.27, significant, worse in longer trials). Colorectal cancer: OR 1.27 (1.03-1.57, significant in shorter trials only). Uterine cancer in obesity: OR 0.24 (0.06-0.94, significant). No other cancers affected.
Silverii, Giovanni Antonio; Marinelli, Christian; Bettarini, Costanza; Del Vescovo, Gloria Giovanna; Monami, Matteo; Mannucci, Edoardo ·
Both simple and complex MOH patients improved significantly on CGRP-mAbs at months 1, 3, and 6. Adding detoxification provided no additional benefit (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Reduced: headache frequency, intensity, duration, acute medication days. 200 patients total.
Silvestro, Marcello; Orologio, Ilaria; Sozio, Pasquale; Dortucci, Valentina; Trojsi, Francesca; Siciliano, Mattia; Tedeschi, Gioacchino; Tessitore, Alessandro; Russo, Antonio ·
GLP-1RAs and tirzepatide improve symptoms and outcomes in obesity-driven HFpEF beyond standard guideline-recommended therapy. Obesity drives HFpEF through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms that GLP-1 drugs can target.
Simonis, Gregor; Schatz, Ulrike ·
Tα1 stimulates T-cell differentiation, enhances thymic output, modulates DCs and macrophages, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Improves vaccine response in elderly. Refnot (TNFα-Tα1 fusion) combines immunomodulation with antitumor activity at reduced toxicity.
Simonova, Maria A; Ivanov, Igor; Shoshina, Natalia S; Komyakova, Alina M; Makarov, Dmitry A; Baranovskii, Denis S; Klabukov, Ilya D; Telepenina, Kristina P; Atiakshin, Dmitrii A; Shegay, Peter V; Kaprin, Andrey D; Stepanenko, Vasiliy N ·
Pooled HR 2.81 (95% CI 1.67-4.75). Denmark HR 2.17 (1.20-3.92), Norway HR 7.25 (2.34-22.4). IRD +1.41/10,000 person-years. Per-protocol HR 6.35 (2.88-14.0). 32 NAION events total. Consistent across sensitivity analyses.
Simonsen, Emma; Lund, Lars Christian; Ernst, Martin Thomsen; Hjellvik, Vidar; Hegedüs, Laszlo; Hamann, Steffen; Jørstad, Øystein Kalsnes; Gulseth, Hanne Løvdal; Karlstad, Øystein; Pottegård, Anton ·
Decreased CSF NPY in TRD patients. Reduced NPY receptor expression in stress-related brain regions. Animal models: NPY dysregulation in chronic stress with altered hippocampal signaling and HPA axis. Therapeutic targets: intranasal NPY, receptor-selective modulators.
Singanwad, Priyanka; Tatode, Amol; Qutub, Mohammad; Taksande, Brijesh; Umekar, Milind; Trivedi, Rashmi; Premchandani, Tanvi ·
Tirzepatide vs semaglutide (ITT): 4% (10mg) and 5.4% (15mg) additional weight loss without T2D; additional -0.4% HbA1c with T2D; fewer GI side effects with tirzepatide.
Singh, Akriti; Singh, Awadhesh Kumar; Singh, Ritu; Misra, Anoop ·
17 independent OS predictors identified. Top predictors: time to PRRT, alkaline phosphatase, KPS, hepatomegaly, weight loss, FDG-PET positivity, Ki-67 grade. C-index: 0.86 (development), 0.82 (test). Median follow-up: 2045 days.
Singh, Aviral; Sanduleanu, Sebastian; Kulkarni, Harshad R; Langbein, Thomas; Lambin, Philippe; Baum, Richard P ·
Tirzepatide addresses OSA through: reduced airway fat deposition, improved insulin sensitivity, decreased inflammation, weight loss. Clinical studies show AHI improvement and better oxygenation.
Singh, Gursimran; Jaswal, Taresh; Kosey, Sourabh; Kumar, Ranjeet; Kaur, Amandeep ·
Semaglutide: PRR 19.43, ROR 19.48, Chi² 1078. Dulaglutide: PRR 9.01, ROR 9.02, Chi² 478. Tirzepatide and liraglutide: weaker but significant. Lixisenatide: no significant association.
Singh, Harmanjit; Natt, Navreet Kaur; Nim, Dwividendra Kumar ·
CGRP reduces inflammatory cytokines, inhibits oxidative stress, and decreases organ inflammation in sepsis. RAMP1 and TRPV1 knockout mice showed worse sepsis outcomes. CGRP modulates specific signaling pathways for organ-specific protection.
Singh, Harshita; Naik, Manoj; Suri, Manisha; Hanifa, Mohd; Jaggi, Amteshwar Singh; Bali, Anjana ·
GLP-1RAs inhibit IL-1β, TNF-α, MMPs; preserve elastin; promote M2 macrophages; slow aneurysm growth in animals. Clinical: fewer limb events, improved walking in PAD. No evidence for aortic regurgitation.
Singh, Kanwardeep; Frishman, William H ·
Intranasal Aβ1-42 induces AD-like pathology non-transgenically. Advantages: more accurate disease progression, no genetic manipulation. Challenges: dose standardization, timeline optimization. Potential to improve preclinical drug testing.
Singh, Rakesh Kumar ·
Non-diabetic woman, BMI 30.4, online prescription tirzepatide. Self-titrated to 5 mg over 6 weeks. Lost 16 lbs. Developed EKA: pH 7.2, bicarb 17, elevated ketones, normal glucose. Recovered with fluids.
Singh, Renisha ·
BMI inadequate for individual obesity assessment. GLP-1 drugs (semaglutide, tirzepatide) provide weight loss + cardiovascular, renal, liver benefits. <25% of obese individuals receive evidence-based treatment. Need for upstream, cardiometabolic-focused approach.
Singh, Vidhi; Sun, Jia; Cheng, Susan; Kwan, Alan C; Velazquez, Amanda ·
Gastroparesis after semaglutide 2 mg resumed without titration. Complications: AKI from dehydration + left-sided colitis. Treatment: metoclopramide + semaglutide cessation → resolution.
Singhal, Rohan; Sachdeva, Dheerja; Wortman Ii, Kevin; Lall, Rekha ·
Mean weight loss: retatrutide ~11 kg, dual agonists ~11 kg, GLP-1RAs ~9 kg. ≥15% weight loss OR: retatrutide 54.6, dual 16.4, GLP-1RA 9.0. T2DM reduced loss by 4-5 kg. Retatrutide: highest AE risk. Female/high-BMI: better outcomes.
Sinha, Binayak; Ghosal, Samit ·
Observational: HR 0.64 for alcohol events (p<0.001); AUD HR 0.66; SUD HR 0.66; intoxication HR 0.50. RCTs (n=430): consumption SMD -0.24 (NS); drinks/day SMD -0.23 (NS); craving SMD -0.14 (NS). Semaglutide craving reduction p=0.024.
Sinha, Binayak; Ghosal, Samit ·