RPEP-00428 · 1997BPC-157 both protected against NSAID-induced GI lesions and improved chronic adjuvant arthritis, demonstrating simultaneous gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
Sikiric, P; Seiwerth, S; Grabarevic, Z; Rucman, R; Petek, M; Jagic, V; Turkovic, B; Rotkvic, I; Mise, S; Zoricic, I; Konjevoda, P; Perovic, D; Simicevic, V; Separovic, J; Hanzevacki, M; Ljubanovic, D; Artukovic, B; Bratulic, M; Tisljar, M; Rekic, B; Gjurasin, M; Miklic, P; Buljat, G · Animal Study
RPEP-00496 · 1998MK-677 (25 mg/day for 8 weeks) increased bone formation markers more than resorption markers in 24 obese young males, with elevated IGF-1 levels suggesting a growth hormone-mediated anabolic bone effect.
Svensson, J; Ohlsson, C; Jansson, J O; Murphy, G; Wyss, D; Krupa, D; Cerchio, K; Polvino, W; Gertz, B; Baylink, D; Mohan, S; Bengtsson, B A · RCT
RPEP-00530 · 1999Ipamorelin (18-450 μg/day SC, three daily injections for 15 days) increased longitudinal bone growth rate and body weight dose-dependently in rats, with sustained GH release throughout the treatment period.
Johansen, P B; Nowak, J; Skjaerbaek, C; Flyvbjerg, A; Andreassen, T T; Wilken, M; Orskov, H · Animal Study
RPEP-00538 · 1999Ipamorelin maintained GH-releasing activity during 8 days of methylprednisolone treatment in rats and partially preserved longitudinal bone growth over 15 days despite glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression.
Malmlöf, K; Johansen, P B; Haahr, P M; Wilken, M; Oxlund, H · Animal Study
RPEP-00544 · 1999MK-677 increased bone formation markers at 2 and 12 months in healthy elderly and in hip fracture patients, with sustained IGF-1 elevation, demonstrating prolonged bone-building potential in age-related bone loss.
Murphy, M G; Bach, M A; Plotkin, D; Bolognese, J; Ng, J; Krupa, D; Cerchio, K; Gertz, B J · RCT
RPEP-00555 · 1999BPC-157 promoted segmental bone defect healing in rabbits with osteogenic activity comparable to IGF-1 and TGF-beta, demonstrating significant bone regeneration through angiogenic and osteoblast-stimulating mechanisms.
Sebecić, B; Nikolić, V; Sikirić, P; Seiwerth, S; Sosa, T; Patrlj, L; Grabarević, Z; Rucman, R; Petek, M; Konjevoda, P; Jadrijević, S; Perović, D; Slaj, M · Animal Study
RPEP-00642 · 2001Three months of ipamorelin (SC injection) counteracted methylprednisolone-induced decreases in bone formation rate, bone mineral content, and partially preserved skeletal muscle mass in adult female rats.
Andersen, N B; Malmlöf, K; Johansen, P B; Andreassen, T T; Ørtoft, G; Oxlund, H · Animal Study
RPEP-00682 · 2001MK-677 combined with alendronate maintained higher bone formation markers than alendronate alone over 12 months in postmenopausal women, demonstrating complementary mechanisms: IGF-1-stimulated bone building plus anti-resorptive bone protection.
Murphy, M G; Weiss, S; McClung, M; Schnitzer, T; Cerchio, K; Connor, J; Krupa, D; Gertz, B J · RCT
RPEP-00740 · 2002Self-assembling peptide hydrogels maintained chondrocyte phenotype, supported cell division, and promoted extracellular matrix production (GAG, type II collagen), demonstrating functional cartilage tissue formation in a peptide scaffold.
Kisiday, J; Jin, M; Kurz, B; Hung, H; Semino, C; Zhang, S; Grodzinsky, A J · In Vitro
RPEP-00775 · 2002Chronic arthritic pain produced region-specific alterations in dynorphin B, met-enkephalin, and opioid receptor levels across brain, spinal cord, and pituitary, demonstrating multi-level opioid system adaptation to chronic inflammatory pain.
Spetea, Mariana; Rydelius, Gustav; Nylander, Ingrid; Ahmed, Mahmood; Bileviciute-Ljungar, Indre; Lundeberg, Thomas; Svensson, Stefan; Kreicbergs, Andris · Animal Study
RPEP-00795 · 2003Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and dynorphin B were quantified in rat cortical bone, periosteum, bone marrow, joint cartilage, and synovial membrane, establishing a local opioid peptide system in musculoskeletal tissues.
Bergström, J; Ahmed, M; Kreicbergs, A; Nylander, I · Animal Study
RPEP-00882 · 2004MK-677 increased GH and IGF-1 in elderly hip fracture patients with functional improvement trends, but the primary endpoint of functional independence was not statistically significant in this pilot RCT.
Bach, Mark A; Rockwood, Kenneth; Zetterberg, Carl; Thamsborg, Gorm; Hébert, Réjean; Devogelaer, Jean-Pierre; Christiansen, Jens Sandahl; Rizzoli, René; Ochsner, J Lockwood; Beisaw, Norman; Gluck, Oscar; Yu, Leisure; Schwab, Thomas; Farrington, Jeanne; Taylor, Alice M; Ng, Jennifer; Fuh, Vivian · RCT
RPEP-00934 · 2004Dynamic compressive loading of chondrocytes in self-assembling peptide scaffolds maintained or enhanced cartilage matrix (proteoglycan, collagen) production, demonstrating the scaffold's suitability for the mechanically demanding joint environment.
Kisiday, John D; Jin, Moonsoo; DiMicco, Michael A; Kurz, Bodo; Grodzinsky, Alan J · In Vitro
RPEP-01013 · 2005Osteoblasts cultured on self-assembling peptide hydrogel-polyHIPE polymer hybrid scaffolds demonstrated enhanced proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization compared to control materials, validating peptide-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.
Bokhari, Maria A; Akay, Galip; Zhang, Shuguang; Birch, Mark A · In Vitro
RPEP-01022 · 2005GH-releasing peptides affect bone metabolism through both indirect GH/IGF-1 stimulation and direct ghrelin receptor activation on osteoblasts, promoting bone formation through dual systemic and local mechanisms for potential osteoporosis therapy.
Cocchi, D; Maccarinelli, G; Sibilia, V; Tulipano, G; Torsello, A; Pazzaglia, U E; Giustina, A; Netti, C · Review
RPEP-01038 · 2005GHRP-2 reduced clinical arthritis scores, joint inflammation, and cartilage destruction in adjuvant-arthritic rats, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) — establishing GH secretagogues as anti-inflammatory agents for arthritis treatment.
Granado, Miriam; Priego, Teresa; Martín, Ana I; Villanúa, M Angeles; López-Calderón, Asunción · Animal Study
RPEP-01157 · 2006BPC-157 promoted tendon-to-bone healing at the Achilles detachment site in rats, improving both normal healing AND opposing corticosteroid-impaired healing — demonstrating efficacy in the clinically challenging scenario of tendon repair during steroid therapy.
Krivic, Andrija; Anic, Tomislav; Seiwerth, Sven; Huljev, Dubravko; Sikiric, Predrag · Animal Study
RPEP-01351 · 2008Marrow mesenchymal stem cells in self-assembling peptide hydrogels produced spatially organized mineralized bone matrix resembling natural trabecular bone distribution, demonstrating peptide scaffolds can guide not just cell growth but organized bone tissue formation.
Hamada, Kazunori; Hirose, Motohiro; Yamashita, Toshihiko; Ohgushi, Hajime · In Vitro
RPEP-01371 · 2008BPC-157 improved early functional recovery (load-to-failure, stiffness) of transected Achilles tendon-to-bone unit, with efficacy maintained during concurrent methylprednisolone — confirming dual tendon-healing and steroid-impairment-overcoming capabilities.
Krivic, A; Majerovic, M; Jelic, I; Seiwerth, S; Sikiric, P · Animal Study
RPEP-05024 · 2020The cyclic cLK peptide delivered fragmented Runx2 into stem cells more efficiently than Tat-CPP, producing 1.2-fold greater mineralization and higher osteogenic gene expression.
Nam, So Hee; Lee, Yan; Ahn, Joon Hyung; Chung, Chun Kee; Yang, Hee-Jin; Park, Sung Bae; Jang, Sangmok · In Vitro
RPEP-05042 · 2020Glutamic acid-templated peptide motifs (EEGGC and EEEEE) conjugated to KLD self-assembling scaffolds significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation markers and calcium deposition in human MSCs.
Onak, Günnur; Gökmen, Oğuzhan; Yaralı, Ziyşan Buse; Karaman, Ozan · In Vitro
RPEP-05299 · 2021GLP-1 RAs increased bone mineral density at multiple skeletal sites over 52 weeks, while placebo showed significant bone loss at the spine, femoral neck, and total hip.
Cai, Ting-Ting; Li, Hui-Qin; Jiang, Lan-Lan; Wang, Hui-Ying; Luo, Meng-Hui; Su, Xiao-Fei; Ma, Jian-Hua · Rct
RPEP-05302 · 2021Hemopressin reduced arthritis-induced joint swelling, pain behavior, and inflammatory markers (MPO, leukocytes, IL-6) via both intra-articular and oral routes, independent of CGRP and substance P.
Camargo, Livia L; Denadai-Souza, Alexandre; Yshii, Lidia M; Lima, Carla; Teixeira, Simone A; Cerqueira, Anderson R A; Gewehr, Mayara C F; Fernandes, Elizabeth S; Schenka, André A; Muscará, Marcelo N; Ferro, Emer S; Costa, Soraia K P · Animal
RPEP-05315 · 2021PTH's dual bone-building and bone-resorbing effects depend on administration pattern, working through Wnt, cAMP, and RANKL pathways. PTH-related peptides in development may overcome teriparatide's clinical limitations.
Chen, Tianhong; Wang, Yi; Hao, Zhuowen; Hu, Yingkun; Li, Jingfeng · Review
RPEP-05355 · 2021Spine facet osteoarthritis increased substance P, CGRP, PAR2, and CaMKII in neurosegmentally linked rectus femoris muscle but not in unlinked biceps brachii, with pain sensitization (allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia) at 7, 14, and 21 days post-surgery.
Duarte, Felipe C K; Hurtig, Mark; Clark, Andrea; Brown, Stephen; Simpson, Jeremy; Srbely, John · Animal
RPEP-05412 · 2021TMSB4X was the most upregulated secreted protein from contracting C2C12 myotubes by MS-based proteomics, and was acutely increased in plasma of exercising humans irrespective of insulin resistance status.
Gonzalez-Franquesa, Alba; Stocks, Ben; Borg, Melissa L; Kuefner, Michael; Dalbram, Emilie; Nielsen, Thomas S; Agrawal, Ankita; Pankratova, Stanislava; Chibalin, Alexander V; Karlsson, Håkan K R; Gheibi, Sevda; Björnholm, Marie; Jørgensen, Niklas Rye; Clemmensen, Christoffer; Hostrup, Morten; Treebak, Jonas T; Krook, Anna; Zierath, Juleen R; Deshmukh, Atul S · Mixed Methods (Proteomics, Human Observational, Animal, In Vitro)
RPEP-05482 · 2021AMP-modified silk fibroin + silica nanostructure hybrid aerogel scaffolds achieved antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and biomimetic hierarchical porosity through 3D printing for bone tissue engineering.
Karamat-Ullah, Nighat; Demidov, Yan; Schramm, Michael; Grumme, Daniela; Auer, Jaqueline; Bohr, Christoph; Brachvogel, Bent; Maleki, Hajar · In Vitro
RPEP-05532 · 2021VIP is proposed to treat RA by: (1) inhibiting T cell plasticity toward non-classic Th1 cells, (2) enhancing follicular regulatory T cell (Tfr) activity, and (3) consequently reducing systemic pathogenic autoantibody titers that drive arthritis.
Leceta, Javier; Garin, Marina I; Conde, Carmen · Review
RPEP-05534 · 2021Overall 87.5% (14/16) significant pain improvement. BPC-157 alone: 91.6% (11/12) improved. BPC-157 + TB4: 75% (3/4) improved. Multiple knee pathologies responded. 6-month to 1-year follow-up showed sustained benefit.
Lee, Edwin; Padgett, Blake · Retrospective
RPEP-05536 · 2021Three mutations (N26D, S29P, P32HYP) in sCT(22-32) increased CTR ECD affinity 21-fold. The mutated fragment also retained high affinity for all 3 AMY receptor ECD types (CTR:RAMP1, CTR:RAMP2, CTR:RAMP3).
Lee, Sangmin · In Vitro
RPEP-05547 · 2021Novel biocomposite scaffold with integrated antibacterial peptide activity demonstrated both bone regeneration capability and infection prevention, addressing the dual challenge of infected bone defects.
Li, Kai; Guo, Ai; Ran, Qichun; Tian, Hongchuan; Du, Xing; Chen, Sinan; Wen, Yafeng; Tang, Yue; Jiang, Dianming · In Vitro
RPEP-09091 · 2024SGLT2 inhibitors with metformin reduced gout incidence by 25% compared to metformin alone (HR 0.75, p < 0.0001). SGLT2 inhibitors with insulin reduced gout by 17% versus insulin alone (HR 0.83, p < 0.0001).
GLP-1 receptor agonists showed no significant difference in gout incidence versus either metformin or insulin controls.
When SGLT2 inhibitors were compared directly to GLP-1 drugs, they had lower gout rates in both the metformin group (HR 0.77, p < 0.0001) and the insulin group (HR 0.82, p < 0.0001).
Preston, Frank G; Anson, Matthew; Riley, David R; Ibarburu, Gema H; Henney, Alexander; Lip, Gregory Y H; Cuthbertson, Daniel J; Alam, Uazman; Zhao, Sizheng S · Cohort Study
RPEP-09103 · 2024Osteocytes (the most common bone cells) secreted excess neuropeptide Y during osteoarthritis. This NPY promoted inflammation, osteoclast formation (cells that break down bone), and neurite outgrowth (nerve growth that contributes to pain).
Intermittent fasting reversed these effects. Culture medium from osteocytes of fasting mice did not trigger the same inflammatory and bone-destroying responses. When researchers genetically deleted NPY from osteocytes, intermittent fasting lost its beneficial effects on osteoarthritis. This proved that osteocyte NPY is the specific target through which fasting works.
The findings held in both surgically induced osteoarthritis (meniscus destabilization) and natural aging-induced osteoarthritis.
Qian, Yu-Xuan; Rao, Shan-Shan; Tan, Yi-Juan; Wang, Zun; Yin, Hao; Wan, Teng-Fei; He, Ze-Hui; Wang, Xin; Hong, Chun-Gu; Zeng, Hai-Jin; Luo, Yi; Duan, Yan-Xin; Zhu, Hao; Hu, Xin-Yue; Zou, Ling; Zhang, Yan; Liu, Bing-Bing; Wang, Zhen-Xing; Du, Wei; Chen, Chun-Yuan; Xie, Hui · Animal Study
RPEP-12906 · 2025Metformin and exenatide significantly increased osteoblast and osteoclast numbers at bone defect sites (p=0.007 for both) without affecting overall bone volume.
Ozturk, Hasan; Simsek, Neslihan; Akinci, Levent; Ozgocmen, Meltem; Yigit, Dilek Helvacioglu · Animal Study
RPEP-12907 · 2025All weight-loss interventions increase bone turnover; bariatric surgery is worst for bone health. GLP-1 drugs show mixed signals—protective in animals at high doses but potentially harmful during significant human weight loss.
Paccou, Julien; Gagnon, Claudia; Yu, Elaine W; Rosen, Clifford J · Narrative Review
RPEP-12932 · 2025The synthetic peptide exhibited triple functionality — pro-regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial — when used as an additive in bone tissue engineering biomaterials, offering a comprehensive approach to bone repair.
Panasiuk, Mirosława; Chraniuk, Milena; Bollin, Piotr; Sawicka, Justyna; Sylla, Anna; Hovhannisyan, Lilit; Biernat, Monika; Rodziewicz-Motowidło, Sylwia; Gromadzka, Beata · In Vitro