Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
CPP-conjugated NGF delivered ophthalmically showed enhanced neuroprotective activity compared to NGF alone, leveraging the eye-brain connection for non-invasive brain drug delivery.
Zhu, Danni; Li, Yao; Zhang, Jinlong; Chen, Yi; Song, Xiaohong; Chen, Wei; Wu, Shipo; Hou, Lihua · Animal Study
Personalized neoantigen peptide immunotherapy induced tumor-specific immune responses and clinical benefit in a patient with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Zhu, Sihui; Liu, Chenxi; Jin, Yunchen; Zhang, Hailong; Zhou, Mingzhen; Xu, Chen; Shao, Jie; Liu, Qin; Wei, Jia; Shen, Jie; Liu, Baorui · Case Series
Novel enzyme-resistant pancreatic polypeptide analogs promoted pancreatic beta cell proliferation, offering a potential peptide-based approach to restoring insulin-producing cell mass.
Zhu, Wuyun; Tanday, Neil; Lafferty, Ryan A; Flatt, Peter R; Irwin, Nigel · Animal Study
Machine learning models using real-world data successfully predicted individual patient responsiveness to GLP-1 pathway drugs, enabling more targeted treatment selection.
Zhu, Xiaodong; Fowler, Michael J; Wells, Quinn S; Stafford, John M; Gannon, Maureen · Cohort
Identified natural ACE-inhibitory peptides that maintain stability through digestion, with molecular characterization of their ACE binding and inhibition mechanisms.
Zhu, Yiqing; Chen, Changyu; Dai, Zijian; Wang, Han; Zhang, Yiyun; Zhao, Qingyu; Xue, Yong; Shen, Qun · In Vitro
Sympathetic nerve-derived NPY sustained thermogenic brown and beige fat, with its loss leading to reduced thermogenesis and increased obesity — opposite to NPY's pro-obesity role in the brain.
Zhu, Yitao; Yao, Lu; Gallo-Ferraz, Ana L; Bombassaro, Bruna; Simões, Marcela R; Abe, Ichitaro; Chen, Jing; Sarker, Gitalee; Ciccarelli, Alessandro; Zhou, Linna; Lee, Carl; Sidarta-Oliveira, Davi; Martínez-Sánchez, Noelia; Dustin, Michael L; Zhan, Cheng; Horvath, Tamas L; Velloso, Licio A; Kajimura, Shingo; Domingos, Ana I · Animal Study
Substance P promoted leukocyte infiltration into liver and lungs during acute pancreatitis in mice, revealing a neuropeptide-mediated mechanism for multi-organ damage.
Zhu, Zhixing; Chambers, Stephen; Bhatia, Madhav · Animal Study
Zein/Eudragit-chitosan nanoparticles protected liraglutide from gastric degradation, provided sustained oral delivery, and achieved effective glycemic control in animal models.
Ziebarth, Jeferson; da Silva, Letícia Marina; Lorenzett, Ariane Krause Padilha; Figueiredo, Ingrid Delbone; Carlstrom, Paulo Fernando; Cardoso, Felipe Nunes; de Freitas, André Luiz Ferreira; Baviera, Amanda Martins; Mainardes, Rubiana Mara · Animal Study
Visual stimulation increased retinal BDNF levels and provided neuroprotective effects against retinal cell degeneration.
Zloh, Miloslav; Kutilek, Patrik; Hejda, Jan; Fiserova, Ivana; Kubovciak, Jan; Murakami, Masaaki; Stofkova, Andrea · Animal Study
Ultrasound-responsive HBD hydrogel achieved on-demand biofilm disruption and peptide release, clearing wound infections and accelerating tissue healing.
Zong, Lanlan; Teng, Runxin; Zhang, Huiqi; Liu, Wenshang; Feng, Yu; Lu, Zhengmao; Zhou, Yuxiao; Fan, Zhen; Li, Meng; Pu, Xiaohui · Animal Study
Both angiotensin I and angiotensin II stimulated SARS-CoV-2 cell invasion, suggesting endogenous peptide hormones can facilitate viral entry via the ACE2 pathway.
Zorad, S; Skrabanova, M; Zilkova, M; Cente, M; Turic Csokova, N; Kovacech, B; Cizkova, D; Filipcik, P · In Vitro
The endocannabinoid system and CGRP signaling share neuroimmune pathways in migraine, with cannabinoids capable of modulating CGRP release and neuroinflammation.
Zorrilla, Erik; Della Pietra, Adriana; Russo, Andrew F · Review
All four anti-CGRP mAbs are effective for migraine prevention with good safety profiles, and real-world data largely confirms clinical trial results with additional long-term insights.
Zovi, Andrea; Lasala, Ruggero; Ferrara, Francesco; Langella, Roberto; Vitiello, Antonio; Sabbatucci, Michela; Musazzi, Umberto Maria · Review
Dextran-pramlintide nanoparticles delivered via intranasal route achieved nose-to-brain pramlintide delivery, demonstrating a non-invasive peptide brain delivery approach.
Zuglianello, Carine; França, Angela P; de Souza, Bruna S; Agnes, Jonathan P; Prediger, Rui D; Lemos-Senna, Elenara · Animal Study
Exendin-4 loaded in SNEDDS and exendin-4/chymostatin SNEDDS (with an enzyme inhibitor for additional protection) were tested on INS-1E rat pancreatic beta cells: - At low glucose (2.8 mM): Ex-4 SNEDDS increased insulin levels 2.21-fold and ex-4/chym SNEDDS increased them 2.17-fold compared to control - At high glucose (16.7 mM): Both formulations also increased insulin levels compared to control - Cell viability increased at higher dilution ratios, indicating safety at appropriate concentrations - Cellular uptake studies showed SNEDDS delivered cargo to cell nuclei (visualized with coumarin-6), while free solution only reached the cell cytoplasm — demonstrating superior intracellular delivery
Çelik Tekeli, Merve; Yalçın, Yaprak; Verdi, Hasibe; Aktaş, Yeşim; Çelebi, Nevin ·
This comprehensive review examines the paradigm shift in migraine treatment driven by therapies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) — a neuropeptide central to migraine pathophysiology. CGRP monoclonal antibodies (for prevention) and gepants (small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists, for both acute and preventive use) have demonstrated strong efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials. The review highlights that despite these advances, significant barriers persist: misdiagnosis, medication overuse headaches, high costs, limited long-term safety data, and restricted access to specialist care, particularly in developing countries like Turkiye.
Özge, A; Baykan, B; Bıçakçı, Ş; Ertaş, M; Atalar, A Ç; Gümrü, S; Karlı, N · Review
Rationally designed cathelicidin-like helical peptides demonstrated superior anti-leishmanial activity against L. tropica promastigotes compared to natural cathelicidin peptides in vitro.
Ünübol, Nihan; Çavuş, İbrahim; Polat, Tuba; Kurt, Özgür; Özbilgin, Ahmet; Kocagöz, Tanıl · In Vitro
HBD2 promotes mast cell activation and degranulation, linking antimicrobial defense to allergic reactions. Elevated serum HBD2 found in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and chronic spontaneous urticaria. CSU patients with angioedema have higher HBD2 than those without. HBD2 is produced by keratinocytes, epithelial cells, and macrophages in response to microorganisms or pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Štrajtenberger, Maja; Stipić-Marković, Asja; Barac, Ema; Artuković, Marinko; Lugović-Mihić, Liborija · Review
GLP-1 drugs are effective for weight management in older adults but require careful monitoring for sarcopenia and bone loss, with exercise and nutrition strategies to mitigate risks.
Žižka, Ondřej; Haluzík, Martin; Jude, Edward B · Review
Tirzepatide produced significantly greater body weight reduction than semaglutide in both clinical trial and real-world data, confirming the superior efficacy of dual GLP-1/GIP agonism for weight loss.
Aamir, Ahmad Bin; Latif, Rabia; Alqoofi, Jood Faisal; Almarzoq, Fatimah Abdulkarim; Fallatah, Joory Osamah; Hassan, Ghala Abdullah; Saab, Fatimah Abbas Abdullah Al Abu · Meta Analysis
Study evaluated the association between semaglutide/GLP-1 RA use and NAION risk using large-scale clinical data, addressing a flagged safety signal for this rare eye condition.
Abbass, Nadia J; Nahlawi, Raya; Shaia, Jacqueline K; Allan, Kevin C; Kaelber, David C; Talcott, Katherine E; Singh, Rishi P · Cohort
The obesity drug pipeline has expanded beyond single GLP-1 agonists to include dual agonists, triple agonists, and amylin combinations that promise 20-25%+ weight loss.
Abburi, Kaivalya; Melson, Eka; Miras, Alexander D; Papamargaritis, Dimitris · Review
GLP-1 receptor agonists consistently produce meaningful additional weight loss in bariatric surgery patients with insufficient weight loss or weight regain.
Abdallah, Hussein; Klink, Wissam Hadi; Derienne, Joseph; Voican, Cosmin; Perlemuter, Gabriel; Courie, Rodi; Dagher, Ibrahim; Tranchart, Hadrien · Cohort
Omarigliptin/shikonin combination protected against cyclosporine nephrotoxicity by preserving GLP-1 signaling, reducing inflammation, and mitigating oxidative stress in kidney tissue.
Abdallah, Marwa H; Atia, Hanan Abdelmawgoud; Elariny, Hemat A; Khalifa, Amany M; Saleh, Asmaa; Kabel, Ahmed M · Animal Study
Scorpion venom contains diverse bioactive peptides with anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, with several candidates advancing toward clinical development.
Abdallnasser Amen, Radwa; Atef Essmat, Rawan; Farid, Alyaa; Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed A; El-Sherif, Ahmed A; Zhang, Yonghong · Review
Liraglutide protected against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by orchestrating ferroptosis defense, including enhanced antioxidant defenses and reduced iron accumulation.
Abdel Razek, Nermeen S; Nassar, Noha N; Sayed, Rabab H; El-Sahar, Ayman E; Abdallah, Dalaal M · Animal Study
Liraglutide and rivastigmine combination provided enhanced neuroprotection compared to either drug alone in a rat neurodegeneration model.
Abdel-Aal, Raafat A; Hareedy, Mohammad Salem; Badary, Dalia M; Abdelnabi, Sara; Hussein, Abeer M R · Animal Study
Semaglutide improved sperm parameters, reproductive hormones, and testicular histology in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Abdel-Wahab, Basel A; El-Shoura, Ehab A M; Habeeb, Mohammed S; Aldabaan, Nayef A; Ahmed, Yasmine H; Zaafar, Dalia · Animal Study
Liraglutide ameliorated vascular calcification in both normoglycemic and diabetic rat models, demonstrating direct vascular protection independent of glycemic control.
Abdelfattah, Amira Mohammed; Abdelnour, Hanim M; Askar, Eman M; Abdelhamid, Amira Mohamed; Elgarhi, Reham I · Animal Study
Dulaglutide mitigated tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, supporting GLP-1R activation as a renoprotective strategy during immunosuppression.
Abdelhady, Rasha; Arab, Hany H; Fakhr Eldeen, Rasha R; Shalaby, Heba Nasr; Nawwar, Dalia A; Elhemely, Mai Abdallah; Sayed, Rabab H · Animal Study
GLP-1 drugs benefit heart failure through multiple mechanisms: direct cardiac protection, anti-inflammation, improved cardiac metabolism, weight loss, and vascular function improvement.
Abdelhamid, Magdy; Abdrabou, Mostafa M; Faris, Emanuel; El Kafas, Sameh; Hosny, Mohamed; Hassan, Ahmed · Review
GLP-1 drugs are highly effective for obesity but face challenges including weight regain on discontinuation, cost barriers, GI side effects, and counterfeit drug risks.
Abdelrahman, Riad Mohammed; Musa, Taha Hussein; Arbab, Ismail Adam; Suliman, Mohsen Hussein; Ahmed, Eltieb Omer; Mohamed, Asma Noureldaim; Musa, Hassan Hussein; Jalal, Mohammed; Gasmallah, Sahar Ibrahim · Review
Case report of autoimmune encephalitis temporally associated with tirzepatide use — one of the first reported serious neurological autoimmune events linked to GLP-1/GIP agonism.
Abdi, Asad; Ariaei, Armin; Hemasian, Helia; Shahabi, Shahab; Sina, Farzad · Case Series
Retatrutide achieved up to ~24% weight loss as a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon agonist, with acceptable safety and metabolic benefits beyond what dual agonists provide.
Abdrabou Abouelmagd, Alaa; Abdelrehim, Amro Mamdouh; Bashir, Mohamed Nabih; Abdelsalam, Fares; Marey, Ahmed; Tanas, Yousef; Abuklish, Duha Milad; Belal, Mohamed Mohamed · Meta Analysis
Initial triple therapy including exenatide provided superior glycemic control and non-glycemic benefits (weight, blood pressure) compared to sequential add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Abdul-Ghani, Muhammad; Puckett, Curtiss; Abdelgani, Siham; Merovci, Aurora; Lavrynenko, Olga; Adams, John; Triplitt, Curtis; DeFronzo, Ralph A · RCT
Ghrelin consistently showed neuroprotective effects in AD and PD studies: reduced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and pathological protein aggregation, with improved cognitive and motor outcomes.
Abdulazeez, Yousif; Utami, Rifka Nurul; Al-Jamal, Khuloud T; Mok, Zi Hong · Review
Semaglutide demonstrated safety and efficacy in CKD patients with and without diabetes, showing metabolic benefits and kidney-protective effects in this high-risk population.
Abdullah, Ali; Sagreeka, F N U; Aniket, Gurdas Alias; Lal, Rohan; Geeta, F N U; Bai, Anusha; Ahmed, Ghazi Uddin; Raza, Ahmed Asad; Shaikh, Varisha Fatima; Sanaullah, Owais; Sabahat, Syeda Elezeh; Ghori, Ahzam Khan; Bhutto, Seema Habib; Tesfaye, Mahir · Meta Analysis
Identified the shortest thanatin peptide fragments retaining antimicrobial activity and characterized their structural interactions with bacterial membranes.
Abdullah, Swaleeha Jaan; Guan, Jia Sheng; Mu, Yuguang; Bhattacharjya, Surajit · In Vitro
GLP-1 drugs significantly affect upper GI endoscopy by delaying gastric emptying, requiring extended fasting protocols and consideration of medication timing to reduce aspiration risk and improve exam quality.
Abdulraheem, Ahmad; Abujaber, Bara; Ayers, Lindsay; Al-Zureikat, Qusai; Bashiri, Kiandokht; Almhanni, Ghaith; Altork, Nadera; Afzal, Usman; Qarkash, Dania; Spyros, Peppas; Cho, Won K · Meta Analysis
GLP-1 drugs carry a small but real increased risk of acute cholecystitis, primarily through rapid weight loss-induced bile changes and possible direct effects on gallbladder motility.
Abdulraheem, Ahmad; Shukri, Dania; Altork, Nadera; Afzal, Usman; Abu-Rumaileh, Mohammed; Meighani, Alireza · Case Series
Computationally designed antimicrobial peptide mutants showed potential to inhibit ACE2, TMPRSS2, and spike protein interactions, targeting multiple steps of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry.
Abedi Dorcheh, Fatemeh; Balmeh, Negar; Hejazi, Seyed Hossein; Allahyari Fard, Najaf · In Vitro
Rodent thyroid tumor findings do not appear to translate to humans. Large-scale human data shows no significant increase in thyroid cancer with GLP-1 drug use.
Abi Zeid Daou, Christophe; Aboul Hosn, Omar; Ghzayel, Lana; Mourad, Marc · Cohort
Distinct antimicrobial peptide (defensin) expression patterns correlated with specific microbiome profiles in inflammatory conditions, suggesting AMP-driven dysbiosis.
Abida, Olfa; Ramiro, Ricardo; Bahloul, Emna; Frikha, Rim; Charfi, Slim; Turki, Hamida; Gonçalves, Carlos Penha; Masmoudi, Hatem · Cohort
Physical activity combined with GLP-1 drugs preserves muscle mass, enhances metabolic improvements, improves cardiovascular fitness, and may improve long-term weight maintenance.
Ablah, Elizabeth; Imboden, Mary T; Zendell, Anna L; Hosking, Michael; Anderson, Robert E; VanHoose, Kipchoge; Peterson, Neil; Wojcik, Janet R; Pronk, Nicolaas P; Harber, Murray; Whitsel, Laurie P · Review
Semaglutide activated the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway to promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, demonstrating a direct osteoprotective mechanism.
Abo-Elenin, Mohannad Hakam Hamed; Kamel, Rehab; Nofal, Shahira; Ahmed, Amany Ali Eissa · Animal Study
GLP-1 receptor agonists showed promising efficacy for both motor and non-motor Parkinson's symptoms in a comprehensive meta-analysis of antidiabetic drugs in PD.
Abou Elezz, Amr M; Khalefa, Kareem; Gadelmawla, Ahmed Farid; Khattab, Youssef A; Abo Zeid, Mohamed · Meta Analysis
Real-world GLP-1 drug use faces significant implementation challenges including adherence, insurance barriers, off-label expansion, and prescribing pattern variability versus clinical trials.
Abu-Nejim, Husam; Becker, Richard C · Review
Exenatide + dapagliflozin combination achieved superior HbA1c reduction, weight loss, and metabolic outcomes versus either drug alone through complementary mechanisms.
Abuali, Ahmed; Abdelhamid, Abdelrahman; Elsekaily, Ahmed Elsayed; Seoudy, Mohamed; Elnaghy, Mohamed; Ragab, Youssef; Elkholy, Mohammed; Sharara, Muhannad; Mahrous, Mostafa; Alnasser, Yusra; Ragab, Khaled Mohamed; Abdelhadi, Naser · Meta Analysis
GLP-1 agonists protect against Alzheimer's through multiple mechanisms: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, insulin signaling restoration, amyloid-beta reduction, and tau phosphorylation decrease.
AbuAlrob, Majd A; Itbaisha, Adham; Abujwaid, Yahya Kayed; Abulehia, Ayah; Hussein, Abdallah; Mesraoua, Boulenouar · Cohort
First study examining seizure recurrence after GLP-1 RA initiation in epilepsy patients, providing initial safety data for this growing patient overlap.
AbuAlrob, Majd A; Hussein, Abdullah; Abdellatif, Rand; Itbaisha, Adham; Zammar, Khaled; Mesraoua, Boulenouar · Cohort