Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
GI disorders accounted for 30.19% of oral and 27.76% of subcutaneous semaglutide adverse events. Novel signals included pancreatic failure (ROR 36.34) for injectable and Dupuytren's contracture (ROR 46.85) for oral semaglutide.
Zhang, Jing; Wang, Xiaofen; Zhou, Yiting · Review
Bombesin improved cardiac function, reduced infarct size, attenuated oxidative stress (increased SOD, GSH; decreased MDA), and reduced apoptosis through Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway activation. All protective effects were blocked by a bombesin receptor antagonist.
Zhang, Jinyi; Du, Yanhuan; Xiong, Zhenyu; Cheng, Hang; Du, Yi; Xiong, Yulian; Lv, Jianfeng; Huang, Wenquan; Qiu, Kuncheng; Zhang, Shizhong · Animal Study
Semaglutide 0.5 mg achieved Emax of -1.58% HbA1c reduction and 1 mg achieved -1.87%, with a rebound rate of 0.018 after peak efficacy. Baseline HbA1c predicted time to 50% effect, and male proportion influenced maximum efficacy.
Zhang, Ke; Zhao, Aiping; Wang, Zhen; Ye, Kaihe; Xu, Zhaosi; Gong, Xiao; Zhu, Guanghu · Meta Analysis
Self-assembled KPV-RAPA carrier-free nanoparticles significantly inhibited vascular calcification in vitro and in vivo by simultaneously suppressing inflammation and activating autophagy, outperforming individual treatments.
Zhang, Li; Li, Dongze; Aierken, Yierpani; Zhang, Jie; Liu, Zhenyu; Lin, Zipeng; Jiang, Longqi; Li, Qingzhu; Wu, Ya; Liu, Yong · Animal Study
Oral semaglutide 14 mg reduced HbA1c by 1.08% vs placebo and 0.37% vs active comparators, with dose-dependent efficacy. It outperformed empagliflozin, sitagliptin, liraglutide, and dulaglutide on blood sugar and weight endpoints.
Zhang, Lin; Hua, Zixin; Fang, Zhenwei; Wei, Juanjuan; Lin, Yang · Meta Analysis
Chronic stress increased DPP-4, decreased GLP-1 levels, and disrupted adipocyte differentiation through the GLP-1/adiponectin-cathepsin K axis. DPP-4 deletion, exenatide treatment, and CTSK deletion all reversed stress-related fat tissue dysfunction.
Zhang, Meiping; Yue, Xueling; Xu, Shengnan; Piao, Jinshun; Zhao, Longguo; Shu, Shangzhi; Kuzuya, Masafumi; Li, Ping; Hong, Lan; Kim, Weon; Liu, Bin; Cheng, Xian Wu · Animal Study
GLP-1 receptor-based agonists showed a non-significant 9% asthma risk reduction overall (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.68-1.24), but light-molecular-weight GLP-1RAs showed a significant 35% reduction (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.99, P=0.043).
Zhang, Meng Qing; Lin, Chu; Cai, Xiao Ling; Jiao, Ruo Yang; Bai, Shu Zhen; Li, Zong Lin; Hu, Sui Yuan; Lyu, Fang; Yang, Wen Jia; Ji, Li Nong · Meta Analysis
DeepBP achieved 92.6% balanced accuracy (MCC 0.831, AUC 0.966) for ACE inhibitory peptide prediction and 77.9% accuracy (MCC 0.558) for anticancer peptide prediction, surpassing existing computational methods.
Zhang, Ming; Zhou, Jianren; Wang, Xiaohua; Wang, Xun; Ge, Fang · Review
NLP analysis identified "constipation," "depression," "vomiting," and "muscle" as recurring erenumab-associated terms on Reddit, while fremanezumab showed no definite adverse event signals — suggesting different real-world tolerability profiles despite targeting the same pathway.
Zhang, Pengfei; Kamitaki, Brad K; Do, Thien Phu · Review
Liraglutide directly binds Myo1c at arginine 93, enhances Myo1c/Dock5 interaction to promote keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Dock5 keratinocyte-specific knockout abolished liraglutide wound-healing benefits.
Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Chunlin; Kang, Changjiang; Zhu, Jiaran; He, Qingshan; Li, Hongwei; Tong, Qiang; Wang, Min; Zhang, Linlin; Xiong, Xin; Wang, Yuren; Qu, Hua; Zheng, Hongting; Zheng, Yi · Animal Study
The MMP-2 responsive hydrogel achieved 3.5-fold and 5.2-fold increases in CD8+ T cell infiltration in primary and distant tumors respectively, effectively suppressing primary, distant, and recurrent tumor growth through combined photothermal-chemo-immunotherapy.
Zhang, Qing; Hu, Wenjun; Guo, Mingxue; Zhang, Xinyu; Zhang, Qin; Peng, Fengqi; Yan, Liwen; Hu, Zucheng; Tangthianchaichana, Jakkree; Shen, Yan; Hu, Haiyan; Du, Shouying; Lu, Yang · Animal Study
Two novel penetrating peptides (C9C-f(3Bta) and Cyclo-C9C-R) significantly enhanced intracellular PROTAC content in K562 leukemia cells, facilitated Bcr-Abl protein degradation, reduced STAT5 phosphorylation, and promoted apoptosis.
Zhang, Qingqing; Liu, Yuying; Zhang, Jie; Li, Yanchen; Wang, Jin; Liu, Nanxin; Zhang, Jie; Pan, Xiaoyan · In Vitro
Transmembrane-modified A7R peptide self-assembled into nanoparticles that targeted VEGFR2/NRP-1 on tumor vessels, inhibited angiogenesis, and served as a molecular carrier for therapeutic delivery.
Zhang, Qingqing; Yang, Zeyu; Zhang, Jie; Li, Yanchen; Dang, Xintao; Qu, Jingkun; Pan, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Jie · In Vitro
Neoantigens with MHC molecular affinity variation of 1-4 and HLA Type 1 association showed the highest immunogenicity, activating CD4+/CD8+ T cells and NK cells with 96.6% dendritic cell maturation versus 0.051% in controls.
Zhang, Siyu; Huang, Changxin; Li, Yongqiang; Li, Zhaoyang; Zhu, Ying; Yang, Lili; Hu, Haokun; Sun, Quan; Liu, Mengmeng; Cao, Songqiang · In Vitro
SCO ablation caused severe hydrocephalus and neuronal developmental defects. Three SCO-secreted peptides (thymosin beta 4, thymosin beta 10, NP24) were identified by peptidomics, and their reintroduction rescued developmental defects, establishing the SCO as a peptide-secreting organ essential for brain development.
Zhang, Tingting; Ai, Daosheng; Wei, Pingli; Xu, Ying; Bi, Zhanying; Ma, Fengfei; Li, Fengzhi; Chen, Xing-Jun; Zhang, Zhaohuan; Zou, Xiaoxiao; Guo, Zongpei; Zhao, Yue; Li, Jun-Liszt; Ye, Meng; Feng, Ziyan; Zhang, Xinshuang; Zheng, Lijun; Yu, Jie; Li, Chunli; Tu, Tianqi; Zeng, Hongkui; Lei, Jianfeng; Zhang, Hongqi; Hong, Tao; Zhang, Li; Luo, Benyan; Li, Zhen; Xing, Chao; Jia, Chenxi; Li, Lingjun; Sun, Wenzhi; Ge, Woo-Ping · Animal Study
Liraglutide reduced RAGE expression, suppressed IL-6/IL-12/TNF-α, decreased MMP-1/-3/-13 and ADAMTS-4/-5, preserved aggrecan and collagen II, and reduced chondrocyte apoptosis via GLP-1R activation, with all effects reversed by GLP-1R blockade.
Zhang, Xianyu; Jiang, Jian; Xu, Jiajia; Chen, Jian; Gu, Yuntao; Wu, Guobao · In Vitro
Therapeutic peptides can enhance cancer immunotherapy by targeting multiple steps of the cancer-immunity cycle, though stability and conformation challenges limit their current clinical efficacy.
Zhang, Xiaokun; Wu, Ye; Lin, Jiayi; Lu, Shengxin; Lu, Xinchen; Cheng, Aoyu; Chen, Hongzhuan; Zhang, Weidong; Luan, Xin · Review
NPY neurons in the DRN/vlPAG provide feedforward stress inhibition via projections to PVT and LH. Inhibiting them worsened stress responses; activating them reduced anxiety, restored appetite, and transmitted positive valence in male mice.
Zhang, Yan; Shen, Jiayi; Xie, Famin; Liu, Zhiwei; Yin, Fangfang; Cheng, Mingxiu; Wang, Liang; Cai, Meiting; Herzog, Herbert; Wu, Ping; Zhang, Zhi; Zhan, Cheng; Liu, Tiemin · Animal Study
PAE + GLY reduced CGRP levels and migraine symptoms by upregulating GAD2/GABBR2, increasing GABA, activating the GABBR2/TRPM8/PRKACA/TRPV1 pathway, and suppressing dural inflammation in a rat chronic migraine model.
Zhang, Yao; Ge, Fei; Luo, Yamin; Ji, Xuenian; Liu, Zijian; Qiu, Yuehua; Hou, Jianchen; Zhou, Ranran; Zhao, Caihong; Xu, Qianwei; Zhang, Shujing; Yu, Xue; Wang, Chunguo; Ge, Dongyu; Meng, Fengxian; Tao, Xiaohua · Animal Study
100% tumor prevention for 11 months without recurrence in the prevention model; 40% complete tumor elimination in established MC-38 colon tumors; potent CTL infiltration into tumor microenvironment; efficient antigen/adjuvant co-delivery to draining lymph nodes.
Zhang, Yaping; Jiang, Leying; Huang, Siyong; Lian, Chenshan; Liang, Huiting; Xing, Yun; Liu, Jianbo; Tian, Xiaojing; Liu, Zhihong; Wang, Rui; An, Yuhao; Lu, Fei; Pan, Youdong; Han, Wei; Li, Zigang; Yin, Feng · Animal Study
Semaglutide reduced amyloid plaques, p-Tau, and neuroinflammatory markers (GFAP, Iba1) while restoring oxytocin levels in both APP/PS1 mice (with improved cognition) and human AD brain organoids.
Zhang, Yinbing; Tang, Cheng; He, Yao; Zhang, Yingqian; Li, Qinxi; Zhang, Ting; Zhao, Bangcheng; Tong, Aiping; Zhong, Qixing; Zhong, Zhihui · Animal Study
Intranasal oxytocin at ≥48 IU/day showed significant improvement in social impairments (SRS) and repetitive behaviors (RBS) in ASD, while lower doses and overall pooled analysis showed no significant effects.
Zhang, Yingying; Zhang, Xiaolu; Huang, Linghong · Meta Analysis
Botulinum toxin A: best efficacy for monthly migraine day reduction (MD 3.88 fewer days). Eptinezumab (CGRP antibody): safest profile (RR 1.09 for adverse events). CGRP mAbs ranked second overall behind botulinum toxin A for combined efficacy and safety.
Zhao, Chengqi; Li, Changxin; Yu, Xueping; Dai, Xiaohong; Zou, Wei · Meta Analysis
BMI moderates the CSF NPY–peripheral ApoA-I relationship (R²=0.144, β=-0.54, p<0.001). NPY was protective in normal weight (positive ApoA-I association) but a risk factor in overweight/obese (negative ApoA-I association).
Zhao, Danyang; Han, Xiaoli; Mu, Qingshuang; Wu, Yan; Shan, Ligang; Su, Lidong; Wang, Wenyan; Wang, Pengxiang; Kang, Yimin; Wang, Fan · Cohort
DNA templates successfully directed peptide self-assembly into protein-mimicking structures with controlled architecture and functional properties.
Zhao, Fangzhou; Frandsen, Martin; Capodaglio, Sabrina; Sleiman, Hanadi F · In Vitro
Human beta-defensins function as multi-purpose peptides beyond antimicrobial activity, with roles in immune modulation, wound healing, reproduction, and cancer defense through diverse receptor interactions and signaling pathways.
Zhao, Haile; Zhao, Shuli; Wang, Simeng; Liu, Ying · Review
Quinoa: highest digestibility (80.49%), strongest ACE inhibition (IC50 0.90 mg/mL). Oat released the most bioactive peptide candidates (30.89%). Over 93% of quinoa digested peptides were under 1 kDa. Globular proteins were the primary source of bioactive peptides.
Zhao, Junna; Kong, Xiangzhen; Zhang, Caimeng; Hua, Yufei; Chen, Yeming; Li, Xingfei · In Vitro
Tirzepatide 15 mg: -17.5% body weight at 52 weeks (vs -2.3% placebo, P<0.001). 10 mg: -13.6%. 85.8% achieved ≥5% weight loss with 15 mg. 95.7% trial completion. GI side effects mostly mild-moderate with <5% discontinuation.
Zhao, Lin; Cheng, Zhifeng; Lu, Yibing; Liu, Ming; Chen, Hong; Zhang, Min; Wang, Rui; Yuan, Yuan; Li, Xiaoying · RCT
Liraglutide improved follicle development and reduced PCOS phenotype in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in ovarian tissue.
Zhao, Min; Liao, Baoying; Yun, Chuyu; Qi, Xinyu; Pang, Yanli · In Vitro
1907-B had 2-3x longer half-life than semaglutide in rats and monkeys, and outperformed semaglutide and glucagon individually in reducing kidney fibrosis in both diabetic (db/db) and non-diabetic (UUO) CKD models through dual GLP-1R/GCGR signaling.
Zhao, Qian; Dong, Jiale; Liu, Han; Chen, Hui; Yu, Huan; Ye, Shuyin; Yu, Shuangjin; Li, Yu; Qiu, Longhui; Song, Nazi; Xu, Hongjiao; Liu, Qi; Luo, Zhiteng; Li, Yuyi; Wang, Rui; Chen, Guodong; Jiang, Xianxing · Animal Study
Osmotic microneedle (OMN) patch achieved sustained drug delivery for ≥24 hours in animal models, maintaining stable plasma concentrations without electronic components.
Zhao, Sheng; Lu, Ziyi; Cai, Ruisi; Wang, Hui; Gao, Shukun; Yang, Changwei; Zhang, Ying; Luo, Bowen; Zhang, Wentao; Yang, Yinxian; Wang, Shenqiang; Sheng, Tao; Wang, Shiqi; You, Jiahuan; Zhou, Ruyi; Ji, Huimin; Gong, Haoning; Ye, Xiao; Yu, Jicheng; Zhu, Hong-Hu; Zhang, Yuqi; Gu, Zhen · Animal Study
Charge-guided masking creates a pH-responsive peptide that is inactive at normal pH but unmasks in acidic endosomes to disrupt membranes and release cargo, enabling efficient intracellular protein delivery.
Zhao, Yan; Jiang, Haolin; Chen, Hang; Yu, Jiazhen; Wang, Luyao; Zhou, Wen; Du, Juanjuan · In Vitro
Eptinezumab was effective and well-tolerated in Asian migraine patients in real-world clinical practice, with significant improvements in migraine frequency, intensity, and disability.
Zhao, Yi Jing; Ong, Jonathan Jia Yuan; Sonu, Sumit Kumar; Dang, Jiaojiao; Ng, Chai Ching; Herr, Keira Joann; Bose, Rohini; Jion, Yasmin Idu · Cohort
Brain-penetrating peptide-drug conjugates can cross both the BBB and BBTB to deliver cancer drugs to brain tumors, with several promising candidates in preclinical and early clinical development.
Zheng, Meng-Zhu; Yang, Zhan-Qun; Cai, Sun-Li; Zheng, Li-Ting; Xue, Yuan; Chen, Long; Lin, Jian · Animal Study
Ferritin-based nanoparticles significantly enhanced neoantigen-specific immune responses compared to free peptide delivery, improving anti-tumor T cell activation.
Zheng, Wei; Li, Shixiong; Shi, Zhongliang; Su, Kailing; Ding, Yu; Zhang, Luyue; Tang, Qian; Han, Jiani; Zhao, Han; Wang, Fengwei; Zhang, Hongru; Hong, Zhangyong · Animal Study
QS-CATH demonstrated both direct antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant bacteria and immunomodulatory effects, enhancing immune cell responses in a dual-action mechanism.
Zheng, Wei-Cheng; Cheng, Xiao-Yun; Tao, Yu-Hui; Mao, Yue-Song; Lu, Cheng-Pu; Lin, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Jie · In Vitro
Plasma NPY was significantly elevated in acute myocardial infarction patients vs controls, with levels correlating with cardiac damage severity.
Zheng, Yan-Li; Lin, Hui-Li; Li, Yue-Ting; Li, Mei-Mei; Du, Jing-Ru; Wang, Wan-da; Wang, Yao-Guo; Cai, Yin-Lian · Cohort
Dual cross-linked nanofibrillar peptide hydrogel provided wound microenvironment-responsive drug release while maintaining structural support for tissue regeneration.
Zheng, Yaxin; Sun, Lu; Zhai, Ziran; Cao, Fangling; Zhang, Tingting; Jiao, Qishu; Xu, Keming; Zhong, Wenying · In Vitro
Liraglutide activated the Sirtuin-1 pathway in osteoblasts, protecting them from oxidative stress and promoting bone cell survival and function.
Zhong, Shuai; Huang, Liangzhi; Lin, Tingting; Li, Yanyan; Deng, Bin; Kong, Dezhi; Liao, Zhanlin; Huang, Zugui · Animal Study
Subcutaneous BNP injections significantly reduced myocardial infarction size in rabbits, demonstrating that a simpler delivery route can achieve cardioprotective peptide effects.
Zhong, Si; He, Rui; Yu, Jia; Zhao, Hongyan · Animal Study
Cathelicidin-BF ameliorated osteoarthritis by activating AMPK/SIRT1 and inhibiting NF-κB, reducing joint inflammation and cartilage damage in a murine OA model.
Zhou, Hao; Zou, Linfang; Ren, Hui; Shen, Zhenyu; Lin, Yuanqu; Cai, Haikang; Zhang, Jingdong · Animal Study
Peptide hydrogels can be engineered to respond to pH, temperature, enzymes, light, and other stimuli, enabling on-demand drug release and dynamic tissue engineering scaffolds.
Zhou, Haoran; Zhu, Yanhua; Yang, Bingbing; Huo, Yehong; Yin, Yuanyuan; Jiang, Xuemei; Ji, Wei · Review
Cell-penetrating peptide-mediated eye drop hydrogel successfully delivered aflibercept across the corneal barrier, reducing neovascularization without injection.
Zhou, Jianan; Cai, Yuting; Li, Tingting; Zhou, Haixiang; Dong, Huilei; Wu, Xia; Li, Zenghui; Wang, Wenjie; Yuan, Dan; Li, Yun; Shi, Junfeng · Animal Study
No significant association was found between GLP-1 receptor agonist use and suicidal ideation or behavior in this systematic analysis.
Zhou, Jianxing; Zheng, You; Xu, Baohua; Long, Songjun; Zhu, Li-E; Liu, Yunhui; Li, Chengliang; Zhang, Yifan; Liu, Maobai; Wu, Xuemei · Review
ATEs downregulated TRPV1 expression, reduced LL-37-induced inflammatory markers (KLK5, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and improved all clinical rosacea symptoms including erythema, transepidermal water loss, epidermal thickness, mast cells, and telangiectasia.
Zhou, Liuyi; Chen, Lulu; Li, Ting; Wang, Lu; Lin, Shiqi; Zhao, Ye; Wu, Sufan; Jin, Tingting · Animal Study
Exenatide directly inhibited hKv1.5 and hNav1.5 cardiac ion channels, reducing atrial fibrillation susceptibility through electrophysiological modification of atrial cells.
Zhou, Qian; Hao, Guoliang; Xie, Wensen; Chen, Bin; Lu, Wuguang; Wang, Gongxin; Zhong, Rongling; Chen, Jiao; Ye, Juan; Shen, Jianping; Cao, Peng · In Vitro
Cysteine configuration within the staple ring of a Bim peptide significantly impacted its ability to bind target proteins and induce cancer cell apoptosis.
Zhou, Shengli; Nishimura, Fuka; Wada, Kazuhaya; Fujii, Kaho; Kondo, Takeshi; Watanabe, Kazunori; Imai, Yoshitane; Ohtsuki, Takashi; Kitamatsu, Mizuki · In Vitro
Amphibian-derived cathelicidin accelerated wound healing by promoting immune cell migration and tissue repair, demonstrating dual antimicrobial and regenerative properties.
Zhou, Xiaoyan; Shen, Huan; Wu, Shuxin; Mu, Lixian; Yang, Hailong; Wu, Jing · Animal Study
TMTP1-modified antigen-capture nano-vaccine combined with anti-PD-1 significantly enhanced anti-tumor immune responses through improved antigen capture and T cell activation.
Zhou, Ying; Wei, Rui; Wang, Ling; Li, Jie; Wang, Wei; Jiang, Guiying; Tan, Songwei; Li, Fei; Wang, Xueqian; Ma, Xiangyi; Xi, Ling · Animal Study
GLP-1 signaling genes predicted cancer prognosis and correlated with tumor immune microenvironment composition across multiple cancer types.
Zhu, Chaojun; Lai, Yihong; Liu, Chengdong; Teng, Lan; Zhu, Yuxin; Lin, Xinyu; Fu, Xinyi; Lai, Qiuhua; Liu, Side; Zhou, Xiaohan; Fang, Yuxin · Review