Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Stratified FAERS analysis revealed distinct digestive adverse event profiles across anti-obesity medication classes, providing the first comprehensive cascading analysis of GI safety for weight loss drugs including GLP-1 agonists.
Yang, Qing; Wang, Junyan; Wang, Menghuan; Zhang, Shuyu; He, Qin-Qin · Cohort
Tirzepatide (10 nmol/kg, once weekly for 8 weeks) showed neuroprotective effects in APP/PS1 Alzheimer's mice by regulating brain glucose metabolism, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonism for neurodegeneration.
Yang, Shaobin; Zhao, Xiaoqian; Zhang, Yimeng; Tang, Qi; Li, Yanhong; Du, Yaqin; Yu, Peng · Animal Study
GLP-1 receptor agonists combined with metformin produced statistically significant improvements in HbA1c, fasting glucose, and BMI at 6 and 12 months compared to metformin alone, with comparable safety profiles.
Yang, Wanying; Zhou, Xiangming; Miao, Yuanyuan; Wang, Lu; Zhao, Yunhui; Ke, Tingyu; Ban, Lili · Cohort
Weight management strategies were associated with a 36% increased risk of gallbladder/biliary disease (OR 1.361, 95% CI 1.147-1.614), including increased risks of gallstones, cholecystitis, and cholecystectomy. GLP-1 receptor agonists specifically showed elevated risk.
Yang, Wenjia; Wu, Han; Cai, Xiaoling; Lin, Chu; Luo, Yingying; Hu, Suiyuan; Li, Zonglin; Jiao, Ruoyang; Bai, Shuzhen; Liu, Geling; Yang, Xiaolin; Ji, Linong · Meta Analysis
Semaglutide has a predictable pharmacokinetic profile with a long half-life supporting once-weekly subcutaneous dosing. Oral semaglutide exposure is affected by food and dosing conditions, but neither form requires dose adjustment for renal or hepatic impairment.
Yang, Xi-Ding; Yang, Yong-Yu · Review
Peptide self-assembly is driven by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, and π-π stacking, producing diverse nanostructures with broad biomedical applications including drug delivery systems and hydrogels.
Yang, Xinyue; Ma, Li; Lu, Kui; Zhao, Dongxin · Review
Exenatide significantly decreased IL-1β and IFN-γ levels over 48 weeks, while insulin increased both markers. The anti-inflammatory effect of exenatide was independent of changes in weight, waist circumference, and HbA1c, and was associated with improved insulin resistance.
Yang, Xubin; Deng, Hongrong; Lv, Jing; Chen, Xueyan; Zeng, Longyi; Weng, Jianping; Liang, Hua; Xu, Wen · RCT
Rimegepant significantly reduced moderate-to-severe migraine pain and improved functional ability in Chinese patients, with effectiveness observed as early as 30 minutes and sustained through 48 hours. Only 6% experienced mild adverse events.
Yang, Zhao; Wang, Xiaodan; Niu, Mengyue; Wei, Qiao; Zhong, Huizhu; Li, Xiaoyan; Yuan, Weihong; Xu, Wenli; Zhu, Shuo; Yu, Shengyuan; Liu, Jun; Yan, Jianzhou; Kang, Wenyan; Huang, Peijian · Cohort
Six novel ACE-inhibitory peptides were identified from yellow croaker protein with IC50 values ranging from 0.63 to 10.26 μM. Three peptides (IPYADFK, FYEPFM, NWPWMK) maintained activity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion.
Yang, Zhizhi; Wang, Changrong; Huang, Baote; Chen, Yihui; Liu, Zhiyu; Chen, Hongbin; Chen, Jicheng · In Vitro
Marine peptides target multiple aging mechanisms simultaneously — oxidative stress reduction, inflammation modulation, mitochondrial repair, autophagy induction, and longevity pathway regulation — making them promising multi-target anti-aging agents.
Yao, Wanzi; Zhang, Yifeng; Zhang, Gaiping · Review
Food-derived antihypertensive peptides target at least four key points in the renin-angiotensin system: ACE inhibition (most studied), renin inhibition, AT1 receptor blockade/downregulation, and ACE2 activation — offering multi-target blood pressure management potential.
Yao, Xinyu; Cao, Xinyi; Chen, Liang; Liao, Wang · Review
Semaglutide demonstrates antioxidant properties through multiple molecular pathways, suggesting its clinical benefits in diabetes extend beyond glucose lowering to include direct protection against oxidative damage in various tissues.
Yaribeygi, Habib; Maleki, Mina; Forouzanmehr, Behina; Kesharwani, Prashant; Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein · Review
BNP mRNA levels were substantially reduced in cardiomyocytes after 8+ hours of complete anoxia (95% N₂/5% CO₂), contrasting with the increase seen under hypoxia. Reoxygenation restored and significantly increased BNP expression by 24 hours, in an NHE1-dependent manner.
Yasutake, Rei; Nagoshi, Tomohisa; Yoshii, Akira; Takahashi, Hirotake; Oi, Yuhei; Kimura, Haruka; Kashiwagi, Yusuke; Tanaka, Toshikazu D; Tanaka, Yoshiro; Yoshimura, Michihiro · In Vitro
100% of 31 completers achieved ≥5% weight loss at 6 months, with mean weight loss of 12.6%. Cardiometabolic markers also improved: HbA1c -0.6%, LDL -18 mg/dL, triglycerides -29 mg/dL, systolic BP -9 mmHg.
Yates, Madison; Supple, Megan; Maccia, Melissa · Cohort
A bicyclic stitched peptide with unprecedented crosslink architecture was designed to bind β-catenin, with the binding mode confirmed by crystal structure and cell-based activity reaching single-digit micromolar inhibition.
Yeste-Vázquez, Alejandro; Paulussen, Felix M; Wendt, Mathias; Klintrot, Rasmus; Schulte, Clemens; Wallraven, Kerstin; van Gijzel, Lieke; Simeonov, Boris; van der Gaag, Maurice; Gerber, Alan; Maric, Hans M; Hennig, Sven; Grossmann, Tom N · In Vitro
Liraglutide improved gut microbiota diversity (increased Simpson index, P=0.035), boosted beneficial bacteria like Clostridium and Oscillospira, increased serum L-5-Oxoproline, and reduced ectopic lipid deposition in kidney tubules through SREBP1/FAS pathway suppression.
Yi, Bo; Su, Ke; Cai, Yu-Li; Chen, Xiao-Ling; Bao, Yan; Wen, Zhong-Yuan · Animal Study
Thymosin β4 primarily regulates microfilament formation and mitochondrial transfer in thymic epithelial cells, influencing the differentiation of double-negative (CD4⁻CD8⁻) and CD4 single-positive (CD3⁺TCRβ⁺CD4⁺CD8⁻) thymocytes through F-actin aggregation.
Ying, Yuyuan; Tao, Nana; Zhang, Fengjie; Wen, Xunuo; Zhou, Meiru; Gao, Jianli · In Vitro
Semaglutide (STEP 6) significantly reduced body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors (HbA1c, cholesterol, blood pressure) in Japanese and South Korean patients with obesity. Mazindol also reduced weight and cholesterol in Japan. Direct comparison was not feasible due to study heterogeneity.
Yokote, Koutaro; Ota, Riku; Wada, Shogo; Matsuda, Hiroyuki; Filomeno, Ronald · Meta Analysis
Switching from DPP-4i to oral semaglutide reduced mean HbA1c from 7.8% to 7.0% (P significant) and decreased body weight (P significant). 95.6% improved in either HbA1c or weight. Greater HbA1c reduction correlated with greater weight loss (r=0.480, P<0.001). 20% discontinued within 6 months.
Yoneda, Chihiro; Kobayashi, Junji; Kuribayashi, Nobuichi · Cohort
Clothianidin exposure suppressed α-defensin (Crp1) secretion from Paneth cells in mice, leading to reduced fecal and cecal Crp1 levels, gut dysbiosis, and loss of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. The suppression occurred at the secretion level, not the production level.
Yonoichi, Sakura; Hara, Yukako; Ishida, Yuya; Shoda, Asuka; Kimura, Mako; Murata, Midori; Nunobiki, Sarika; Ito, Makiko; Yoshimoto, Ayano; Mantani, Youhei; Yokoyama, Toshifumi; Hirano, Tetsushi; Ikenaka, Yoshinori; Yokoi, Yuki; Ayabe, Tokiyoshi; Nakamura, Kiminori; Hoshi, Nobuhiko · Animal Study
Cyclic peptide drug discovery has reached a turning point. For decades, cyclic peptide drugs came almost exclusively from natural products (compounds found in nature). But in recent years, display screening technologies — particularly phage display and mRNA display — have matured enough that the first de novo (designed-from-scratch) cyclic peptide drugs discovered through these methods have reached the market. Cyclic peptides occupy a unique therapeutic sweet spot: they can hit a broader range of protein targets than traditional small-molecule drugs, while also being potentially capable of oral availability and cell penetration — two properties that most peptide drugs lack. However, significant technical challenges remain, particularly in engineering membrane permeability and oral bioavailability for intracellular targets.
You, Sophia; McIntyre, Glen; Passioura, Toby · Review
Among galcanezumab non-responders, 71.4% achieved a treatment response after switching to fremanezumab, demonstrating that response to one anti-CGRP antibody is independent of response to another.
Youn, Michelle Sojung; Kim, Namoh; Lee, Mi Ji; Kim, Manho · Cohort
Stapled peptides derived from IGFBP-3 and NONO dimerization sequences demonstrated unexpected cell permeability and preferential nuclear localization, despite only modest binding affinity to the NONO dimer.
Young, Reginald; Huang, Tiancheng; Luo, Zijie; Tan, Yaw Sing; Kaur, Amandeep; Lau, Yu Heng · In Vitro
Fusing EGF with cell-penetrating peptides in plant expression systems is a feasible strategy for producing transdermal skincare proteins, though clinical efficacy data is still lacking.
Yu, Guangdong; Zhao, Wengang; Wang, Yunpeng; Xu, Nuo · Review
The combination of PD-1 inhibitor, SBRT, GM-CSF, and thymosin alpha-1 produced a 78.97% regression in the target lesion and 56.73% regression in non-irradiated observed lesions (abscopal effect) in a patient with treatment-resistant mTNBC.
Yu, Jiamin; Wang, Qiang; Wang, Lijun; Zong, Dan; He, Xia · Case Series
Laser acupuncture users lost an average of 5.82 kg versus 2.38 kg with liraglutide over 180 days, with the difference remaining significant after adjusting for baseline differences.
Yu, Wen-Lin; Liao, Yu-Ning; Yang, Tsung-Hsien; Yang, Ching-Wei; Kao, Ting-I; Lee, Pai-Wei; Hsu, Chiu-Yi; Huang, Jhen-Ling; Huang, Yu-Tung; Chen, Hsing-Yu · Cohort
GLP-1 receptors are expressed in prostate cancer tissue, and preclinical evidence suggests GLP-1 receptor agonists may inhibit prostate cancer growth, though clinical evidence is limited.
Yu, Xu; Liu, Jie · Review
VIPa knockout males had 70% fewer spermatids, 80% reduced fertilization capacity, 50% lower sperm motility, and near-absent sexual motivation due to downregulation of androgen synthesis enzymes and decreased 11-ketotestosterone production.
Yu, Yang; Tanaka, Sakura; Wong, Ten-Tsao; Zohar, Yonathan; Zmora, Nilli · Animal Study
BGM0504 achieved a 2-3 fold increase in agonistic activity at both GLP-1R and GIPR compared to tirzepatide, while maintaining equivalent extended plasma half-life, by repositioning the acylation side chain based on molecular dynamics insights.
Yuan, Jiandong; Liu, Wenlang; Jiang, Xiaohui; Huang, Yangqing; Zong, Leilei; Ding, Haifeng; Shen, Xinyi; Sun, Yujia; Feng, Xiangyang; Li, Xionghao; Song, Yunsong; Gu, Jianing; Wang, Yuhuai; Liu, Hao; Zheng, Zheng · In Vitro
LL-37 cathelicidin directly binds to TLR2 on neutrophils to drive rosacea inflammation, and colchicine disrupts this binding, reducing inflammatory markers, NET formation, and rosacea-like symptoms in mice.
Yuan, Xin; Sheng, Liang; Shi, Guang; Jiang, Leiwei; Lian, Chengxiang · Animal Study
Three weeks of L. reuteri supplementation restored GLP-1 levels, normalized blood glucose and insulin, reactivated ileal TGR5 and proglucagon expression, and corrected bile acid imbalance in acrylamide-exposed mice.
Yue, Zonghao; Zhao, Feiyue; Guo, Yuqi; Zhang, Yidan; Chen, Yanjuan; He, Le; Li, Lili · Animal Study
Bacteroides vulgatus-derived agmatine activates FXR to suppress GLP-1 secretion from L cells, causing insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction. Liraglutide and the arginine decarboxylase inhibitor DFMA both ameliorated PCOS-like symptoms.
Yun, Chuyu; Yan, Sen; Liao, Baoying; Ding, Yong; Qi, Xinyu; Zhao, Min; Wang, Kai; Zhuo, Yingying; Nie, Qixing; Ye, Chuan; Xia, Pengyan; Ma, Ming; Li, Rong; Jiang, Changtao; Qiao, Jie; Pang, Yanli · Animal Study
Milk-derived bioactive peptides from whey and casein regulate glucose homeostasis through insulinotropic effects, incretin hormone modulation, and RAAS inhibition, supporting dairy consumption as potentially protective against metabolic disorders.
Yuzbashian, Emad; Berg, Emily; de Campos Zani, Stepheny C; Chan, Catherine B · Review
Four CPPs (Cyt c-ss-MAP, TP-biot1, MPGα, DPV1047) were computationally predicted to form stable, non-antigenic fusions with endostatin that could improve its delivery and overcome its clinical limitations of poor stability and low half-life.
Zamani, Mozhdeh; Nezafat, Navid; Mokarram, Pooneh; Kadkhodaei, Behnam · In Vitro
Both monthly (225 mg) and quarterly (675 mg) fremanezumab significantly reduced migraine days, headache days, and disability scores, with equivalent outcomes at 6 months despite a slight monthly advantage in the first quarter.
Zanandrea, Laura; Messina, Roberta; Cetta, Ilaria; Genovese, Federica; Guerrieri, Simone; Vernieri, Fabrizio; Altamura, Claudia; Cevoli, Sabina; Favoni, Valentina; Colombo, Bruno; Filippi, Massimo · Cohort
Substance P/NK1R signaling increased ROS and decreased both the expression and activity of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Aprepitant (NK1R antagonist) reversed all of these effects.
Zarei Shandiz, Sara; Assaran Darban, Reza; Javid, Hossein; Ghahremanloo, Atefeh; Hashemy, Seyed Isaac · In Vitro
Incretin-based therapies protect against diabetic complications across multiple organ systems: neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, beyond their glucose-lowering effects.
Zarei, Malek; Sahebi Vaighan, Navideh; Farjoo, Mohammad Hadi; Talebi, Soosan; Zarei, Mohammad · Review
HES-containing PLGA microspheres achieved 94.38% semaglutide encapsulation, 83.23% controlled release over 44 days, prevented 30.65% drug loss versus HES-free microspheres, and provided ~3 weeks of glycemic control in vivo.
Zeng, Han; Song, Jiaxin; Li, Yiyao; Guo, Chen; Zhang, Yu; Yin, Tian; He, Haibing; Gou, Jingxin; Tang, Xing · In Vitro
Liraglutide produced a 4.3% BMI reduction (p<0.001) in 34 adolescents with persistent obesity after sleeve gastrectomy, with significant improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c and 91% study completion.
Zenno, Anna; Nwosu, Ejike E; Fatima, Syeda Z; Nadler, Evan P; Mirza, Nazrat M; Brady, Sheila M; Turner, Sara A; Yang, Shanna B; Lazareva, Julia; Te-Vasquez, Jennifer A; Chen, Kong Y; Chung, Stephanie T; Yanovski, Jack A · RCT
Researchers improved an AI system called FBGAN (Feedback Generative Adversarial Network) for designing new antimicrobial peptides by upgrading its classifier components. They introduced two enhanced classifiers: one using k-mers (short sequence fragments) and another using transfer learning from ESM2, a large protein language model. Both improved classifiers boosted FBGAN's ability to generate promising antimicrobial peptide candidates, achieving performance comparable to or better than established AI methods like AMPGAN and HydrAMP. The key insight is that better 'judgment' (classification accuracy) in the AI system directly improves the quality of peptides it generates.
Zervou, Michaela Areti; Doutsi, Effrosyni; Pantazis, Yannis; Tsakalides, Panagiotis · Computational
Cationic CPPs (TAT, MAP) show stronger membrane interaction via electrostatic forces, while hydrophobic Pep-7 crosses membranes faster and shows selective penetration of cancer cells over normal cells.
Zhai, Yuhang; Li, Siying; Wang, Hui; Shan, Yuping · In Vitro
PDCs offer advantages over ADCs including smaller molecular size for better tumor penetration, lower immunogenicity, more cost-effective production, and greater chemical flexibility for design optimization.
Zhang, Baochen; Wang, Mo; Sun, Li; Liu, Jiawei; Yin, Libinghan; Xia, Mingjing; Zhang, Ling; Liu, Xifu; Cheng, Yu · Review
Mazdutide 6 mg reduced HbA1c by 1.67% and body weight by 7.1% over 20 weeks, significantly exceeding both placebo and the reference GLP-1 drug dulaglutide on weight loss endpoints.
Zhang, Bo; Cheng, Zhifeng; Chen, Ji; Zhang, Xin; Liu, Dexue; Jiang, Hongwei; Ma, Guoqing; Wang, Xiaoyun; Gan, Shenglian; Sun, Juan; Jin, Ping; Yi, Jianjun; Shi, Bimin; Ma, Jianhua; Ye, Shandong; Wang, Guixia; Ji, Linong; Gu, Xuejiang; Yu, Ting; An, Pei; Deng, Huan; Li, Haoyu; Li, Li; Ma, Qingyang; Qian, Lei; Yang, Wenying · RCT
KPV-FK506 co-assembled nanoparticles targeted PepT1 on inflamed gut epithelium and outperformed either component alone in reducing inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and restoring tight junction proteins in both acute and chronic colitis models.
Zhang, Daifang; Jiang, Longqi; Yu, Fengxu; Yan, Pijun; Liu, Yong; Wu, Ya; Yang, Xi · Animal Study
Melittin, the main active peptide in bee venom, has demonstrated antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects in both lab and animal studies. It can enhance the effectiveness of existing first-line drugs and may be particularly valuable for diseases without established treatments. However, melittin's mechanism of action — punching holes in cell membranes using its positively charged amino acids — also causes significant toxicity to healthy cells, including hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells). Modern engineering strategies including nanoparticle modification, antibody conjugation, structural modifications, and gene technology have been shown to improve melittin's selectivity for target cells while reducing its toxic effects on normal tissue.
Zhang, Hai-Qian; Sun, Chengbiao; Xu, Na; Liu, Wensen · Review
Semaglutide reduced atrial fibrillation occurrence by 30% overall (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.95), with subgroup benefits of 51% reduction with oral semaglutide and 29% in T2DM patients.
Zhang, Hong-Da; Ding, Lei; Liu, Ke; Mi, Li-Jie; Zhang, Ai-Kai; Yu, Feng-Yuan; Yan, Xin-Xin; Peng, Fu-Hua; Shen, Yu-Jing; Tang, Min · Meta Analysis
Oral semaglutide, subcutaneous semaglutide, and dulaglutide achieved the highest medication efficiency scores among 20 T2D drugs, while lixisenatide and liraglutide scored lower despite being in the same GLP-1 class.
Zhang, Hongwei; Wang, Chen; Xu, Ting; Liu, Lin; Ban, Xuyan; Liu, Weijie; Yan, Chenli; Han, Xiaodong · Review
Liposomes coated with both tumor-penetrating (cyclic iNGR) and cell-penetrating (R9) peptides achieved synergistic penetration of multiple biological barriers, delivering doxorubicin deep into tumor tissue and cells in vitro and in vivo.
Zhang, Hui-Feng; Yu, Huan; Pan, Shuang-Xue; Zhang, Chuang; Ma, Ying-Hui; Zhang, Yan-Fei; Zuo, Li-Li; Hao, Cheng-Yi; Lin, Xiao-Ying; Geng, Hao; Wu, Di; Mu, Shang-Qiang; Yu, Wei-Lun; Shi, Nian-Qiu · Animal Study
A patient misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes developed severe DKA within 24 hours of starting dulaglutide and discontinuing insulin, leading to her correct diagnosis of LADA.
Zhang, Jiaming; Ma, Ying; Zu, Qianhe; Wang, Xiaohui; Zhang, Yao · Case Series
Pre-surgical plasma NPY levels independently predicted POAF (OR 1.055 per unit increase, P=0.041) alongside age (OR 1.135) and left atrial size (OR 1.136) in multivariable analysis. NPY was significantly higher in the POAF group (31.72 vs 27.95, P=0.014).
Zhang, Jian; He, Yuanchen; Yin, Zongtao; Li, Rui; Zhang, Xiaohui; Wang, Yang; Wang, Huishan · Cohort