Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Modern AMP design combines natural peptide template modification, structure-activity relationship analysis, and computational/AI-driven approaches to create optimized antimicrobial peptides with enhanced potency and selectivity.
Verma, Devesh Pratap; Tripathi, Amit Kumar; Thakur, Ashwani Kumar · Review
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide has antagonistic roles in neuroinflammation: neutrophil-derived CRAMP promotes disease in EAE, while neuron-derived CRAMP is protective, demonstrating cell-type-specific immunomodulation.
Verma, Subash Chand; Enée, Emmanuelle; Manasse, Kanchanadevi; Rebhi, Feriel; Penc, Axelle; Romeo-Guitart, David; Bui Thi, Cuc; Titeux, Matthias; Oury, Franck; Fillatreau, Simon; Liblau, Roland; Diana, Julien · Animal Study
Semaglutide 2.4 mg improved HFpEF outcomes regardless of AF status, with greater symptom improvements in AF patients (KCCQ-CSS +11.5 vs +4.3 points; P interaction=0.001).
Verma, Subodh; Butler, Javed; Borlaug, Barry A; Davies, Melanie J; Kitzman, Dalane W; Petrie, Mark C; Shah, Sanjiv J; Jensen, Thomas Jon; Rasmussen, Søren; Rönnbäck, Cecilia; Merkely, Bela; O'Keefe, Evan; Kosiborod, Mikhail N · RCT
Semaglutide 2.4 mg produced greater weight loss in women vs men (-9.6% vs -7.2%, P interaction=0.006) but equivalent HF symptom improvements (KCCQ-CSS ~+7.5 points) in obesity-related HFpEF.
Verma, Subodh; Butler, Javed; Borlaug, Barry A; Davies, Melanie; Kitzman, Dalane W; Shah, Sanjiv J; Petrie, Mark C; Barros, Eric; Rönnbäck, Cecilia; Vestergaard, Lene Sommer; Schou, Morten; Ezekowitz, Justin A; Sharma, Kavita; Patel, Shachi; Chinnakondepalli, Khaja M; Kosiborod, Mikhail N · RCT
Semaglutide reduced CRP independently of baseline inflammation level and weight loss magnitude in obesity-related HFpEF, suggesting direct anti-inflammatory effects beyond weight reduction.
Verma, Subodh; Petrie, Mark C; Borlaug, Barry A; Butler, Javed; Davies, Melanie J; Kitzman, Dalane W; Shah, Sanjiv J; Rönnbäck, Cecilia; Abildstrøm, Steen Z; Liisberg, Karoline; Wolf, Dennis; von Lewinski, Dirk; Lelonek, Malgorzata; Melenovsky, Vojtech; Senni, Michele; Kosiborod, Mikhail N · RCT
Semaglutide and empagliflozin each reduced kidney cortical ADC and total kidney volume, but their combination did not show additive ADC effects; changes were independent of GFR, albuminuria, and inflammation.
Vernstrøm, Liv; Gullaksen, Søren; Sørensen, Steffen S; Ringgaard, Steffen; Laustsen, Christoffer; Birn, Henrik; Funck, Kristian L; Laugesen, Esben; Poulsen, Per L · RCT
GLP-1 agonists (semaglutide) are confirmed safe and effective for weight loss in obesity-related HFpEF, but evidence for safety in advanced HFrEF is limited and warrants caution.
Vest, Amanda R; Schauer, Philip R; Rodgers, Jo E; Sanderson, Emily; LaChute, Courtney L; Seltz, Jessica; Lavie, Carl J; Mandras, Stacy A; Tang, W H Wilson; daSilva-deAbreu, Adrian · Review
The synthetic spider venom-derived peptide LyeTx I mn∆K demonstrated both in vitro activity (MIC/MBC) and in vivo efficacy against MRSA, with synergistic effects when combined with conventional antibiotics.
Vieira, Ana Paula Gonçalves Coelho; de Souza, Amanda Neves; Lima, William Gustavo; Brito, Julio Cesar Moreira; Simião, Daniela Carolina; Gonçalves, Lucas Vinícius Ribeiro; Cordeiro, Lídia Pereira Barbosa; de Oliveira Scoaris, Denise; Fernandes, Simone Odília Antunes; Resende, Jarbas Magalhães; Bechinger, Burkhard; Verly, Rodrigo Moreira; de Lima, Maria Elena · Animal Study
GLP-1 receptor agonists offer weight loss and potential anti-inflammatory benefits for patients with psoriasis or hidradenitis suppurativa complicated by obesity, addressing a key driver of disease severity.
Vilarrasa, E; Nicolau, J; de la Cueva, P; Goday, A; Gallardo, F; Martorell-Calatayud, A; Carrascosa, J M · Review
Four bioavailable peptides from chia protein hydrolysate were identified through absorption modeling and computational analysis as primary contributors to antioxidant and ACE inhibitory bioactivities.
Villanueva, Alvaro; Rivero-Pino, Fernando; Martin, Maria E; Gonzalez-de la Rosa, Teresa; Montserrat-de la Paz, Sergio; Millan-Linares, Maria C · In Vitro
GLP-1 RAs reduced HF hospitalization (HR 0.79) and CV death (HR 0.81) only in patients without HF history, while reducing MACE equally regardless of HF history (HR 0.86 no HF, 0.83 with HF).
Villaschi, Alessandro; Ferrante, Giuseppe; Cannata, Francesco; Pini, Daniela; Pagnesi, Matteo; Corrada, Elena; Reimers, Bernhard; Mehran, Roxana; Federici, Massimo; Savarese, Gianluigi; Metra, Marco; Condorelli, Gianluigi; Stefanini, Giulio G; Chiarito, Mauro · Meta Analysis
This review surveys computational virtual screening methods used to discover therapeutic peptides from large libraries. Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) is highlighted as a cost-effective approach to identify peptides that can target 'undruggable' proteins — those with large, flat surfaces that small molecule drugs cannot easily bind. The review covers applications across anticancer peptides, antimicrobial/antiviral peptides, and peptides that block amyloid fiber formation, while also addressing the challenges of using peptides as drugs (stability, delivery, bioavailability).
Vincenzi, Marian; Mercurio, Flavia Anna; Leone, Marilisa · Review
All collagen hydrolysate sources (fish, porcine, bovine) at different molecular weights yielded comparable plasma concentrations of free and peptide-bound hydroxyproline, confirming bioavailability of intact collagen peptides.
Virgilio, Nicolina; Schön, Christiane; Mödinger, Yvonne; van der Steen, Bastiaan; Vleminckx, Sara; van Holthoon, Frédérique L; Kleinnijenhuis, Anne J; Silva, Catarina I F; Prawitt, Janne · RCT
Anti-CGRP mAbs produced the greatest improvement in PSQI sleep scores (mean difference 1.49, p=0.010) compared to oral prophylactic therapies in a 3-month multicenter study of 214 migraine patients.
Viticchi, Giovanna; Di Stefano, Vincenzo; Altamura, Claudia; Falsetti, Lorenzo; Torrente, Angelo; Brunelli, Nicoletta; Salvemini, Sergio; Alonge, Paolo; Bartolini, Marco; Di Felice, Chiara; Adragna, Maria Stella; Moroncini, Gianluca; Vernieri, Fabrizio; Brighina, Filippo; Silvestrini, Mauro · Cohort
Multiple neuropeptide systems (CGRP, PACAP, substance P, neuropeptide Y, orexins) provide overlapping biological substrates for both migraine and depression, explaining their strong bidirectional clinical relationship.
Viudez-Martínez, Adrián; Torregrosa, Abraham B; Navarrete, Francisco; García-Gutiérrez, María Salud · Review
5g daily collagen peptide supplementation significantly improved dermis density and skin moisture at 84 days, with visible improvements in wrinkles, elasticity, and nail color appearing by day 28 in East Asian women.
Vleminckx, Sara; Virgilio, Nicolina; Asserin, Jerome; Prawitt, Janne; Silva, Catarina I F · RCT
GLP1R rs10305420 genotype was associated with increased odds of both AD and PD, GLP1R variants correlated with AD CSF biomarkers, and GIPR rs1800437 was associated with dementia development in PD (OR 1.95).
Vogrinc, David; Redenšek Trampuž, Sara; Blagus, Tanja; Trošt, Maja; Gregorič Kramberger, Milica; Emeršič, Andreja; Čučnik, Saša; Goričar, Katja; Dolžan, Vita · Cohort
PVX108 peptide immunotherapy was safe in peanut-allergic adults with no hypersensitivity events, and produced durable peanut-specific T-cell modulation (decreased ST2+ Th2A:CCR6+ Th17-like ratio) persisting to 18 months.
Voskamp, Astrid L; Khosa, Sugandhika; Phan, Tracy; DeBerg, Hannah A; Bingham, Judy; Hew, Mark; Smith, William; Abramovitch, Jodie; Rolland, Jennifer M; Moyle, Matthew; Nadeau, Kari C; Lack, Gideon; Larché, Mark; Wambre, Erik; O'Hehir, Robyn E; Hickey, Pascal; Prickett, Sara R · RCT
BPC-157 healed duodenocolic fistulas in rats by rapidly inducing vessel recruitment at both fistula sides, with complete defect closure, no leakage, no weight loss, and favorable gene expression changes (elevated NOS-2, decreased COX-2/VEGF-A/NF-κB).
Vukusic, D; Zenko Sever, A; Sever, M; Drmic, D; Milavic, M; Sikiric, S; Rasic, D; Krezic, I; Gojkovic, S; Prtoric, A; Bubalo, P; Coric, L; Dobric, I; Boban Blagaic, A; Rasic, Z; Skrtic, A; Seiwerth, S; Sikiric, P · Animal Study
Both EB1 cell-penetrating peptide and PEG-cationic liposomes delivered anti-BCR-ABL1 siRNA into CML K562 cells, with liposomes producing more effective gene silencing and proliferation inhibition.
Vysochinskaya, Vera; Zabrodskaya, Yana; Dovbysh, Olesya; Emelyanov, Anton; Klimenko, Vladimir; Knyazev, Nikolay; Terterov, Ivan; Egorova, Marya; Bogdanov, Alexey; Maslov, Michael; Vasin, Andrey; Dubina, Michael · In Vitro
Semaglutide 2.4 mg did not increase depression (PHQ-9 treatment difference -0.56, p<0.001) or suicidal ideation (≤1% both groups) vs placebo across STEP 1, 2, 3, and 5 trials in participants without major psychopathology.
Wadden, Thomas A; Brown, Gregory K; Egebjerg, Christina; Frenkel, Ofir; Goldman, Bryan; Kushner, Robert F; McGowan, Barbara; Overvad, Maria; Fink-Jensen, Anders · RCT
Semaglutide produced the largest BMI z-score reduction (very large effect), largest triglyceride reduction, and meaningful quality-of-life improvement among pediatric obesity pharmacotherapies in a meta-analysis of 35 RCTs.
Wahi, Gita; St-Pierre, Julie; Johnston, Bradley C; Fitzpatrick-Lewis, Donna; Usman, Ali; Sherifali, Diana; Merdad, Roah; Esmaeilinezhad, Zahra; Birken, Catherine S; Hamilton, Jill; Henderson, Mélanie; Moore, Sarah A; Ball, Geoff D C; Morrison, Katherine M · Meta Analysis
Exendin-4 dose-dependently attenuated responding to incentive cues (reward-predictive stimuli) in rats without affecting free consumption of small sucrose volumes, suggesting GLP-1R activation modulates cue-driven motivation rather than just palatability.
Wakabayashi, Ken T; Baindur, Ajay N; Feja, Malte; Suarez, Mauricio; Chen, Karie; Bernosky-Smith, Kimberly; Bass, Caroline E · Animal Study
Real-world weight loss with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide, liraglutide) and other weight management medications at 37 VA centers was smaller than clinical trials, with higher discontinuation rates and barriers including drug shortages.
Walczuk, Samantha; Burk, Muriel; Furmaga, Elaine; Ghassemi, Samaneh; McCarren, Madeline; Bukowski, Kenneth; Glassman, Peter; Cunningham, Fran · Cohort
42.8% of migraine patients who failed prior CGRP mAb therapy achieved ≥50% reduction in monthly migraine days after switching to fremanezumab in the real-world Finesse Study.
Waliszewska-Prosół, Marta; Martelletti, Paolo · Cohort
CGRP-targeting drugs (gepants and monoclonal antibodies) offer superior efficacy and tolerability compared to traditional migraine therapies, representing a transformative treatment advance with remaining questions about optimization and access.
Waliszewska-Prosół, Marta; Raffaelli, Bianca; Straburzyński, Marcin; Martelletti, Paolo · Review
Marine invertebrates contain peptides with documented ACE-inhibitory and anti-hypertensive activity, but translation to human therapeutics requires more clinical studies and standardized assessment methods.
Walquist, Mari Johannessen; Eilertsen, Karl-Erik; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Jensen, Ida-Johanne · Review
Conditional cell-penetrating peptide exposure on nanoparticles achieved 18-fold uptake improvement in ACE2-positive target cells compared to unmodified particles, without triggering receptor-mediated signaling.
Walter, Melanie; Bresinsky, Merlin; Zimmer, Oliver; Pockes, Steffen; Goepferich, Achim · In Vitro
TAT-functionalized elastin-like polypeptide micelles showed enhanced and stepwise charge-dependent adsorption to negatively charged lipid membranes, recovering the membrane affinity lost when CPPs carry molecular cargo.
Walter, Vivien; Schmatko, Tatiana; Muller, Pierre; Schroder, André P; MacEwan, Sarah R; Chilkoti, Ashutosh; Marques, Carlos M · In Vitro
Machine learning approaches can now predict antimicrobial activity, design novel peptides, and optimize existing AMPs across the entire drug development pipeline, significantly accelerating AMP discovery compared to traditional methods.
Wan, Fangping; Wong, Felix; Collins, James J; de la Fuente-Nunez, Cesar · Review
Survodutide produced statistically significant reductions in body weight (-8.33 kg), BMI (-4.03 kg/m²), and waist circumference (-6.33 cm) compared to placebo, with greater effects at higher doses and longer durations.
Wan, Haijun; Xu, Nuo; Wang, Lijuan; Liu, Yaping; Fatahi, Somaye; Sohouli, Mohammad Hassan; Guimarães, Nathalia Sernizon · Meta Analysis
The ICERFIRE model, integrating MHC binding prediction, mutation scoring, and antigen expression data from the CEDAR database, showed improved and robust performance over existing tools for predicting cancer neo-epitope immunogenicity.
Wan, Yat-Tsai Richie; Koşaloğlu-Yalçın, Zeynep; Peters, Bjoern; Nielsen, Morten · Review
The novel mackerel-derived peptide PLITT inhibits ACE with IC50 of 48.73 μM through mixed competitive/non-competitive mechanisms via hydrogen bonding, and remains stable under food processing conditions.
Wang, Baobei; Zhang, Hui; Wen, Yuxi; Yuan, Wenwen; Chen, Hongbin; Lin, Luan; Guo, Fengxian; Zheng, Zong-Ping; Zhao, Chao · In Vitro
The double-stapled peptide D26 efficiently inhibits HIV-1 infection and directly inactivates cell-free virions, with high protease resistance, extended in vivo half-life, enhanced sanctuary site penetration, and detectable oral bioavailability.
Wang, Chao; Zhang, Wenpeng; Xu, Ling; Tu, Jiahuang; Su, Shan; Li, Qing; Zhang, Tao; Zheng, Longbo; Wang, Huan; Zhuang, Xiaomei; Tang, Xuan; Yuan, Yu; Meng, Guangpeng; Lu, Lu; Xiao, Junhai; Wang, Qian; Jiang, Shibo · In Vitro
Tumor microenvironment-responsive CPP designs address the selectivity limitation through activation mechanisms triggered by tumor-specific conditions including low pH, overexpressed enzymes, hypoxia, elevated GSH, and ROS.
Wang, Chenhui; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Qing; Zhang, Sihe · Review
R9 peptide-modified triangular DNA origami nanostructures, delivered by nebulization, effectively targeted alveolar macrophages, scavenged ROS, promoted M2 polarization, and reduced lung inflammation in an ALI mouse model.
Wang, Haiyan; Jiao, Yunfei; Ma, Shuaijing; Li, Zhuoting; Gong, Jintao; Jiang, Qiao; Shang, Yingxu; Li, Hongling; Li, Jing; Li, Na; Zhao, Robert Chunhua; Ding, Baoquan · Animal Study
Neuropeptides in the trigeminal system play distinct roles: CGRP, substance P, NPY, NKA, HK-1, and VIP are pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive, while opioid peptides, galanin, oxytocin, and orexin-A are analgesic — identifying multiple therapeutic targets for orofacial pain.
Wang, Jian; Liu, Xiangtao; Gou, Junzhuo; Deng, Jing; Li, Mujia; Zhu, Yafen; Wu, Zhifang · Review
Combining Lb. plantarum M11 with sodium caseinate fortification significantly enhanced ACE-inhibitory peptide production in yogurt, with two identified peptides confirmed by molecular docking to bind ACE's active site.
Wang, Jiaxu; Wang, Zhimin; Zhang, Mixia; Li, Jiaxin; Zhao, Cuisong; Ma, Chunli; Ma, Dexing · In Vitro
Small cyclic FcRn-binding peptide-decorated nanoparticles showed superior intestinal transport, reduced protein corona formation, and effective oral delivery of exenatide in diabetic mice compared to larger IgG-decorated nanoparticles.
Wang, Jie; Zhang, Zilong; Zhang, Zhuan; Zou, Zhiwen; Zhuo, Yan; Liu, Chang; Nie, Di; Gan, Yong; Yu, Miaorong · Animal Study
Semaglutide reduced the odds of developing new diabetic kidney disease by 44% overall (OR 0.56, p<0.0001) and 49% in high-risk patients (OR 0.51), with NNT of 7 in the high-risk population, primarily by reducing urinary albumin excretion.
Wang, Jingyu; Yang, Juhong; Jiang, Wenhui; Liu, Wenyan; Shen, Zewei; Gao, Zhongai; Chang, Baocheng · RCT
A novel antimicrobial peptide GK37 from lynx spider venom showed potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC: 1.552 μM) through membrane disruption, with negligible hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity at 4× MIC concentrations.
Wang, Kexin; Mwangi, James; Cao, Kaixun; Wang, Yi; Gao, Jinai; Yang, Min; Michira, Brenda B; Lu, Qiumin; Li, Juan · In Vitro
The bombesin peptide modification Thz14→Pro14 produced [68Ga]Ga-ProBOMB5 with high tumor uptake (12.4±1.35%ID/g), strong binding affinity (Ki: 12.2 nM), and minimal pancreas accumulation (0.60-1.37%ID/g) — a major improvement over existing GRPR tracers.
Wang, Lei; Kuo, Hsiou-Ting; Chapple, Devon E; Chen, Chao-Cheng; Kurkowska, Sara; Colpo, Nadine; Uribe, Carlos; Bénard, François; Lin, Kuo-Shyan · In Vitro
Sturgeon swim bladder collagen peptides extended C. elegans lifespan by 22.6% and improved multiple healthspan indicators, mediated through MAPK, insulin/IGF-1, and NHR-80/FAT-6 lipid metabolism pathways.
Wang, Lin; Li, Peiyu; Zheng, Fuping; Zhu, Zhiling; Bai, Fan; Gao, Ruichang · Animal Study
Liraglutide reduces bone marrow fat accumulation in diabetic rats by suppressing miR-150-5p expression, which upregulates GDF11 — a novel mechanism explaining the peptide drug's bone-protective effects.
Wang, Na; Lin, Zhe; Gao, Liu; Wang, Bin; Wei, Kangxu; Zhang, Menghan; Li, Yukun; Xue, Peng · Animal Study
The BarcodeBabel/PeptideBabel platform enabled high-throughput screening of CPP libraries via mass spectrometry barcoding, identifying cell-penetrating peptides that delivered hundreds of millions of molecules per cell with minimal toxicity.
Wang, Ning; Mcneer, Nicole A; Eton, Elliot; Fass, Josh; Kentsis, Alex · In Vitro
Bitter compounds regulate GDF15 and GLP-1 release from human gut epithelial cells through specific TAS2R subtypes and the unfolded protein response, with TAS2R polymorphisms predicting therapeutic responsiveness.
Wang, Qian; Farhadipour, Mona; Thijs, Theo; Ruilova Sosoranga, Emily; Van der Schueren, Bart; Ceulemans, Laurens J; Deleus, Ellen; Lannoo, Matthias; Tack, Jan; Depoortere, Inge · In Vitro
TRPV1-expressing periodontal nociceptors release neuropeptides (CGRP, substance P) that mediate orthodontic pain and may also regulate alveolar bone remodeling during tooth movement, creating a dual neuroskeletal interaction.
Wang, Sheng; Ko, Ching-Chang; Chung, Man-Kyo · Review
The novel tuna muscle peptide LTGCP inhibits ACE (IC50: 64.3 μM) through mixed-type inhibition, forming a stable 7-hydrogen-bond complex, and retains activity after gastrointestinal digestion with no intestinal cell toxicity.
Wang, Shu; Zhang, Lu; Wang, Hui; Liu, Jiaojiao; Hu, Yueming; Tu, Zongcai · In Vitro
The Pacific saury peptide LEPWR inhibits ACE (IC50: 99.5 μM) through mixed competitive inhibition with 6 hydrogen bonds, and demonstrates intestinal absorption via paracellular transport (Papp: 3.56×10⁻⁶ cm/s) through Caco-2 monolayers.
Wang, Shu; Zhang, Lu; Wang, Hui; Hu, Zizi; Xie, Xing; Chen, Haiqi; Tu, Zongcai · Animal Study
Substance P promotes memory Th17 cell generation and maintenance in chronic dry eye disease via NK1R, and in vivo NK1R antagonist treatment disrupts both memory Th17 formation and persistence.
Wang, Shudan; Naderi, Amirreza; Kahale, Francesca; Ortiz, Gustavo; Forouzanfar, Katayoon; Chen, Yihe; Dana, Reza · Animal Study