Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Substance P is altered in ALS patients and may play a neuroprotective role by inhibiting excitotoxicity-induced motor neuron death, potentially contributing to the selective sparing of certain motor neuron populations.
Tirandi, Amedeo; Montecucco, Fabrizio; Carbone, Federico; Liberale, Luca · Review
Elevated BNP and NT-proBNP levels in diabetes patients correlate with cardiac abnormalities and can be used for heart failure risk stratification and potentially for guiding treatment strategies.
Tirassa, Paola; Rosso, Pamela; Fico, Elena; Marenco, Marco; Mallone, Fabiana; Gharbiya, Magda; Lambiase, Alessandro; Severini, Cinzia · Review
SP and NPY promoted salivary gland branching morphogenesis in aging klotho-deficient mice through FGF/FGFR/ERK1/2 signaling, rescuing the developmental deficits caused by neuronal dysfunction.
Tiwari, Dipti; Aw, Tar Choon · Review
Substance P and neuropeptide Y regulated embryonic salivary gland branching morphogenesis through the FGF/FGFR pathway in klotho-deficient accelerated aging mice.
Toan, Nguyen Khanh; Kim, Soo-A; Ahn, Sang-Gun · Animal Study
Evidence for serious adverse events with GLP-1 agonists is mixed across all categories — anaphylaxis, cardiovascular, GI, psychiatric, and thyroid events have been reported in some studies but not confirmed in others.
Tobaiqy, Mansour · Review
Two novel peptides (PL3uCendR and SKLG) bind tenascin-C constitutively but only activate NRP-1 binding after uPA cleavage, reducing off-target tissue accumulation while maintaining tumor penetration.
Tobi, Allan; Haugas, Maarja; Rabi, Kristina; Sethi, Jhalak; Põšnograjeva, Kristina; Paiste, Päärn; Jagomäe, Toomas; Pleiko, Karlis; Lingasamy, Prakash; Teesalu, Tambet · Animal Study
Both tryptathionine and 2,2'-bis-indole stapling of α-MSH produced nanomolar Ki values, with one stapled variant achieving sub-nanomolar affinity for melanocortin receptors.
Todorovic, Mihajlo; Blanc, Antoine; Wang, Zhou; Lozada, Jerome; Froelich, Juliette; Zeisler, Jutta; Zhang, Chengcheng; Merkens, Helen; Benard, Francois; Perrin, David M · In Vitro
Co-delivery of dexamethasone with penetratin from contact lenses significantly increased drug concentrations in the cornea and aqueous humor after 6 hours of wear in rabbits.
Toffoletto, Nadia; Salema-Oom, Madalena; Nicoli, Sara; Pescina, Silvia; González-Fernández, Felipe M; Pinto, Carlos A; Saraiva, Jorge A; Alves de Matos, António P; Vivero-Lopez, Maria; Huete-Toral, Fernando; Carracedo, Gonzalo; Saramago, Benilde; Serro, Ana Paula · In Vitro
Prenatal fumonisin B exposure disrupted neuropeptide-containing bone nerve networks, decreasing galanin and VIP-positive fibers in both dose groups while paradoxically increasing overall network complexity at the higher dose.
Tomaszewska, Ewa; Dobrowolski, Piotr; Dajnowska, Aleksandra; Arbatowska, Liwia; Puzio, Iwona; Rudyk, Halyna; Brezvyn, Oksana; Kotsyumbas, Ihor; Donaldson, Janine; Śliwa, Jadwiga; Arciszewski, Marcin B; Muszyński, Siemowit · Animal Study
Social functioning traits predicted how intranasal oxytocin changed brain network dynamics — higher social function increased visual network microstates while lower social function increased salience network microstates.
Tomescu, Miralena I; Van der Donck, Stephanie; Perisanu, Emanuela M; Berceanu, Alexandru I; Alaerts, Kaat; Boets, Bart; Carcea, Ioana · RCT
A cyclic α-alkylidene-β-diketone linker with azido trigger provides selective intracellular drug release, demonstrated through EGFR-targeting peptide-drug and antibody-drug conjugates.
Tong, Juliana T W; Sarwar, Makhdoom; Ahangarpour, Marzieh; Hume, Paul A; Williams, Geoffrey M; Brimble, Margaret A; Kavianinia, Iman · In Vitro
H. uvarum SY1 fermentation of red lentil protein produced the highest abundance of bioactive peptides with antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities, including 12 fermentation-specific and 2 novel peptide sequences.
Tonini, Stefano; Tlais, Ali Zein Alabiden; Galli, Bruno Domingues; Helal, Ahmed; Tagliazucchi, Davide; Filannino, Pasquale; Zannini, Emanuele; Gobbetti, Marco; Di Cagno, Raffaella · In Vitro
Liraglutide pretreatment (0.6 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks) did not improve any echocardiographic, functional, or molecular measure of doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats.
Tonon, Carolina R; Monte, Marina G; Balin, Paola S; Fujimori, Anderson S S; Ribeiro, Ana Paula D; Ferreira, Natália F; Vieira, Nayane M; Cabral, Ronny P; Okoshi, Marina P; Okoshi, Katashi; Zornoff, Leonardo A M; Minicucci, Marcos F; Paiva, Sergio A R; Gomes, Mariana J; Polegato, Bertha F · Animal Study
Heart failure patients had 2.4× higher Pro-BNP (2,500 vs 1,053 pg/mL) with significant associations to RDW, MCV, and platelet parameters, supporting combined biomarker approaches for HF diagnosis.
Torfi, Ekhlas; Bahreiny, Seyed S; Saki, Najmaldin; Khademi, Reyhane; Sarbazjoda, Ehsan; Nezhad, Inas A; Aghaei, Mojtaba · Cohort
TRESK activation by cloxyquin reduced CGRP release, allodynia, and mast cell degranulation in migraine models, with all effects specifically blocked by TRESK inhibitor A2764 and synergistic with sumatriptan ex vivo.
Torun, Ibrahim Ethem; Kilinc, Yasemin Baranoglu; Kilinc, Erkan; Töre, Fatma · Animal Study
Liraglutide restored healthy fat tissue characteristics in obese mice — smaller adipocytes, more blood vessels, higher MMP-9 activity, less fibrosis, and tubular mitochondrial morphology.
Touceda, Vanessa; Fontana Estevez, Florencia; Cacciagiú, Leonardo; Finocchietto, Paola; Bustos, Romina; Vidal, Agustina; Berg, Gabriela; Morales, Celina; González, Germán; Miksztowicz, Veronica · Animal Study
Liraglutide suppressed CCA cell migration and reduced xenograft tumor volumes by inhibiting EMT and Akt/STAT3 phosphorylation, despite GLP-1R expression being associated with poorer histological grade.
Trakoonsenathong, Ronnakrit; Kunprom, Waritta; Aphivatanasiri, Chaiwat; Yueangchantuek, Padcharee; Pimkeeree, Paslada; Sorin, Supannika; Khawkhiaw, Kullanat; Chiu, Ching-Feng; Okada, Seiji; Wongkham, Sopit; Saengboonmee, Charupong · Animal Study
The Ri,i+3S(4) staple configuration strongly induces right-handed 3₁₀-helices in peptides with natural L-amino acids, with the staple's stereochemistry being critical for both helix stabilization and screw sense control.
Tran, Duc V H; Nguyen, Ha T N; Ahn, Hee-Chul; Kim, Young-Woo · In Vitro
Ornithine substitution for lysine in stapled heptapeptide AMPs enhanced antimicrobial activity and proteolytic stability while maintaining low hemolytic activity.
Tran, Duc V H; Luong, Huy X; Kim, Do-Hee; Lee, Bong-Jin; Kim, Young-Woo · In Vitro
GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist peptide with higher pepsin stability achieved 4.2% oral bioavailability via SNAC erodible tablets vs 1.2% for semaglutide, a 3.5-fold improvement.
Tran, Huyen; Dogra, Mridula; Huang, Siyuan; Aihara, Eitaro; ElSayed, Mohamed; Aburub, Aktham · Animal Study
Five of seven diabetogenic TCRs cross-reacted between proinsulin C-peptide and hybrid insulin peptides containing NPY and IAPP fragments, with structural studies revealing position-specific determinants of cross-reactivity at P2, P7, and P8.
Tran, Mai T; Lim, Jia Jia; Loh, Tiing Jen; Mannering, Stuart I; Rossjohn, Jamie; Reid, Hugh H · In Vitro
Sa-TTCA achieved 87.5% balanced accuracy (training) and 72.0% (independent test) for TTCA prediction by integrating biological descriptors with NLP-derived features from biological language models.
Tran, Thi-Oanh; Le, Nguyen Quoc Khanh · Review
PRRT + CAP/TEM achieved 90% disease control rate (70% partial response) vs 60% (20% PR) for PRRT alone, with 26 vs 12 months median PFS, in high-Ki67 neuroendocrine tumors.
Trautwein, Nils Florian; Hinterleitner, Clemens; Kiefer, Lena Sophie; Singer, Stephan; Mattern, Sven; Schwenck, Johannes; Reischl, Gerald; Sipos, Bence; Lauer, Ulrich M; Dittmann, Helmut; Zender, Lars; la Fougère, Christian; Hinterleitner, Martina · Cohort
The FLOW trial demonstrated a 24% reduction in a composite kidney/cardiovascular endpoint with semaglutide in T2DM patients with CKD, validating GLP-1 RA kidney protection.
Trevella, Philippa; Ekinci, Elif I; MacIsaac, Richard J · Review
29.7% of patients who failed multiple subcutaneous CGRP antibodies achieved ≥30% reduction in monthly migraine days with eptinezumab by week 24, with 52.4% showing clinically meaningful MIDAS improvement.
Triller, Paul; Blessing, Virginia N; Overeem, Lucas H; Fitzek, Mira P; Hong, Ja Bin; Lange, Kristin S; Reuter, Uwe; Raffaelli, Bianca · Cohort
GLP-1 RAs decrease weight in schizophrenia patients, but effect sizes are mostly smaller than in the general population. Six trials completed, three ongoing, with future directions including dual agonists and early intervention.
Trott, Mike; Arnautovska, Urska; Siskind, Dan · Review
Dual and triple gut hormone polyagonists are approaching bariatric surgery-level weight loss, potentially enabling pharmacological replication of surgical metabolic benefits through targeted peptide hormone therapy.
Tsilingiris, Dimitrios; Kokkinos, Alexander · Review
[68Ga]-DOTA-peptide PET/CT detected parathyroid adenomas with high uptake, likely mediated by endothelial somatostatin receptor expression, and somatostatin analog therapy reduced serum calcium in hyperparathyroid patients.
Tsoy, Uliana; Pogosian, Karina; Ryzhkova, Daria; Yudina, Olga; Yakovenko, Ksenia; Ryazanov, Pavel; Matsueva, Irina; Sokolnikova, Polina; Salov, Maksim; Karonova, Tatiana; Grineva, Elena · Cohort
The ghrelin agonist RQ-00538053 enhanced colorectal motility in female rats but required ~10× higher doses than in males, correlating with lower ghrelin receptor expression in the female lumbosacral spinal cord.
Tsukamoto, Shumpei; Sawamura, Tomoya; Yuki, Natsufu; Horii, Kazuhiro; Horii, Yuuki; Homma, Takeshi; Saito, Shouichiro; Shiina, Takahiko; Shimizu, Yasutake · Animal Study
Tirzepatide demonstrated superior HbA1c reduction and body weight loss compared to GLP-1 receptor agonists alone in a network meta-analysis of 18 RCTs in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.
Tsukamoto, Shunichiro; Tanaka, Shohei; Yamada, Takayuki; Uneda, Kazushi; Azushima, Kengo; Kinguchi, Sho; Wakui, Hiromichi; Tamura, Kouichi · Meta Analysis
Two patients on tirzepatide developed bilateral peroneal nerve neuropathy (foot drop) within 6-8 months, caused by rapid weight loss-related nerve compression known as slimmer's paralysis.
Tucker, John M; Ritchie, Jordan · Case Series
Cutaneous neuroendocrine metastases from visceral origins, though rare, can be managed with surgical resection and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) targeting somatostatin receptors.
Tung-Hahn, Eleanor; El-Haddad, Ghassan; Strosberg, Jonathan · Case Series
Once-weekly semaglutide improved kidney disease outcomes consistently across all KDIGO risk categories in SUSTAIN 6 participants with T2D and cardiovascular disease or high CV risk.
Tuttle, Katherine R; Bain, Stephen C; Bosch-Traberg, Heidrun; Khunti, Kamlesh; Rasmussen, Søren; Sokareva, Ekaterina; Cherney, David Z · RCT
A chitosan-peptide composite scaffold promoted chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells in vitro, demonstrating potential for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
Tymińska, Agata; Karska, Natalia; Skoniecka, Aneta; Zawrzykraj, Małgorzata; Banach-Kopeć, Adrianna; Mania, Szymon; Zieliński, Jacek; Kondej, Karolina; Gurzawska-Comis, Katarzyna; Skowron, Piotr M; Tylingo, Robert; Rodziewicz-Motowidło, Sylwia; Pikuła, Michał · In Vitro
PRRT combined with somatostatin analogs achieved pathological complete response of initially unresectable multiple liver metastases from a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, enabling curative surgical resection.
Umino, Ryosuke; Nara, Satoshi; Kobayashi, Noritoshi; Mizui, Takahiro; Takamoto, Takeshi; Ban, Daisuke; Esaki, Minoru; Hiraoka, Nobuyoshi; Shimada, Kazuaki · Case Series
Model-based simulations predict additional HbA1c and body weight reductions when switching from semaglutide or dulaglutide to tirzepatide, with magnitude depending on prior therapy and dose.
Urva, Shweta; Levine, Joshua A; Schneck, Karen; Tang, Cheng Cai · Review
TRPV1-positive sensory nerves and neuropeptides (substance P and CGRP) are required for epidermal barrier repair after tape stripping, with involvement of filaggrin biosynthesis in the restoration process.
Usui, Kenji; Nakashima, Chisa; Takahashi, Sonoko; Okada, Takaharu; Ishida, Yoshihiro; Nakajima, Saeko; Kitoh, Akihiko; Nomura, Takashi; Dainichi, Teruki; Honda, Tetsuya; Katsumoto, Rumi; Konishi, Noriko; Matsushita, Mutsuyoshi; Otsuka, Atsushi; Kabashima, Kenji · Animal Study
Once-weekly semaglutide 1 mg in children aged 10-18 with comorbid obesity produced 6.4% total weight loss at 6 months and 8.9% at 12 months in a real-world UK pediatric clinic.
van Boxel, Elizabeth-Jane; Rahman, Saqib; Lai, Karen; Boulos, Nabil; Davis, Nikki · Cohort
GLP-1 receptor agonists may reduce vaccine immunogenicity through direct effects on immune cells and creation of a tolerogenic environment, representing a neglected pharmacological concern.
van Niekerk, Gustav; Coelmont, Lotte; Alpizar, Yeranddy A; Kelchtermans, Lara; Broeckhoven, Elias; Dallmeier, Kai · Review
GLP-1 receptor agonists delay gastric emptying across multiple tissue sites, creating clinically significant aspiration risk during anesthesia that requires modified perioperative fasting and medication management protocols.
VanderWielen, Beth A; Brian Beam, William · Review
Semaglutide achieved significant weight and BMI reduction in obese dialysis patients (mean 4.6 kg in 12 weeks), with an acceptable safety profile, and three patients were able to reconsider transplant listing.
Vanek, Lenka; Kurnikowski, Amelie; Krenn, Simon; Mussnig, Sebastian; Hecking, Manfred · Cohort
210 novel cathelicidin sequences identified from amphibian transcriptomes using computational screening, with predicted antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic toxicity, significantly expanding the known cathelicidin repertoire.
Varela-Rodríguez, H; Guzman-Pando, A; Camarillo-Cisneros, J · In Vitro
Galcanezumab initiators showed higher treatment persistence (248 days vs 237-242 days), lower discontinuation rates, and slightly better adherence compared to fremanezumab and erenumab initiators at 12 months.
Varnado, Oralee J; Brady, Brenna L; Zagar, Anthony J; Robles, Yvonne P; Hoyt, Margaret · Cohort
Patients with 3+ lines of prior preventive therapy who received CGRP mAbs (including galcanezumab) showed enhanced health-related quality of life compared to standard-of-care preventives in European and overall populations.
Varnado, Oralee J; Jackson, James; Scharf, Lucas; Kim, Gilwan; Cotton, Sarah · Cohort
GLP-1 receptor agonists can cause transient early worsening of diabetic retinopathy through rapid glycemic improvement, and the 2024 drug shortage/re-initiation cycle creates additional retinal screening urgency.
Varughese, George Iype; Jacob, Sarita · Review
GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors provide cardiovascular, renal, and weight benefits beyond glucose control, establishing them as preferred agents for type 2 diabetes management in patients with cardiorenal risk.
Vaughan, Elizabeth M; Santiago-Delgado, Zuleica M · Review
Bioactive glass/gelatin scaffolds loaded with CM11 antimicrobial peptide and zoledronic acid demonstrated both enhanced osteogenic stem cell differentiation and antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria.
Vazifehdoust, Soheil; Shalizar-Jalali, Ali; Nourani, Mohammad Reza; Moosazadeh Moghaddam, Mehrdad; Yazdanian, Mohsen · In Vitro
BNP and NT-proBNP are validated biomarkers for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis, with specific clinical thresholds for ruling out HF, and provide additional value in diabetic patients for cardiovascular risk stratification and treatment selection.
Vergani, Michela; Cannistraci, Rosa; Perseghin, Gianluca; Ciardullo, Stefano · Review
GLP-1 receptor agonists show neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic properties in Parkinson's disease models, with the diabetes-PD link providing mechanistic rationale for therapeutic repurposing.
Verma, Aanchal; Goyal, Ahsas · Review
Exendin-4 demonstrates neuroprotective effects against both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease in preclinical models, operating through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neurotrophic mechanisms.
Verma, Aanchal; Chaudhary, Shobhit; Solanki, Kunal; Goyal, Ahsas; Yadav, Harlokesh Narayan · Review