Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Intranasal KRAS peptide vaccine with nanoemulsion adjuvant significantly reduced lung tumor incidence in KRAS-mutant mice by inducing persistent KRAS-specific Th1/Th17 responses and reducing immunosuppressive regulatory T cells.
Wang, Su He; Cao, Zhengyi; Farazuddin, Mohammad; Chen, Jesse; Janczak, Katarzyna W; Tang, Shengzhuang; Cannon, Jayme; Baker, James R · Animal Study
IGF1r antagonist picropodophyllin alleviated chronic migraine-related pain behaviors and reduced CGRP and c-Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, identifying IGF1/IGF1r signaling as a contributor to chronic migraine.
Wang, Tianxiao; Zhu, Chenlu; Zhang, Kaibo; Gao, Jinggui; Xu, Yunhao; Duan, Chenyang; Wu, Shouyi; Peng, Cheng; Guan, Jisong; Wang, Yonggang · Animal Study
PT320 (sustained-release exenatide) preserved mitochondrial function and morphology in PD model mice by reducing Fis1 and increasing Opa1, lowering ROS and preventing cytochrome c release during dopamine neuron degeneration.
Wang, Vicki; Tseng, Kuan-Yin; Kuo, Tung-Tai; Huang, Eagle Yi-Kung; Lan, Kuo-Lun; Chen, Zi-Rong; Ma, Kuo-Hsing; Greig, Nigel H; Jung, Jin; Choi, Ho-Ii; Olson, Lars; Hoffer, Barry J; Chen, Yuan-Hao · Animal Study
Oral semaglutide significantly reduced HbA1c at all doses (3, 7, 14 mg) and body weight at 7 and 14 mg vs. placebo in predominantly Chinese T2D patients, with safety consistent with global PIONEER trials.
Wang, Weiqing; Bain, Stephen C; Bian, Fang; Chen, Rui; Gabery, Sanaz; Huang, Shan; Jensen, Thomas B; Luo, Bifen; Yuan, Guoyue; Ning, Guang · RCT
Yak milk casein degradation peptides exhibit ACE-inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities, with bioactivity closely linked to peptide structural characteristics.
Wang, Wen; Liang, Qi; Zhao, Baotang; Chen, Xuhui; Song, Xuemei · Review
Semaglutide was associated with significantly lower tobacco use disorder-related healthcare encounters (HR 0.68-0.88), cessation medication prescriptions, and cessation counseling compared to seven other diabetes drugs, with effects emerging within 30 days.
Wang, William; Volkow, Nora D; Berger, Nathan A; Davis, Pamela B; Kaelber, David C; Xu, Rong · Cohort
Semaglutide was associated with 50-56% lower risk for both incidence and recurrence of alcohol use disorder compared to other anti-obesity medications, consistent across demographic subgroups and replicated in a T2D cohort.
Wang, William; Volkow, Nora D; Berger, Nathan A; Davis, Pamela B; Kaelber, David C; Xu, Rong · Cohort
Semaglutide was associated with 40-70% reduced risk of first-time Alzheimer's diagnosis compared to seven other diabetes medications in 1,094,761 T2D patients, including a 41% lower risk vs. other GLP-1 agonists.
Wang, William; Wang, QuangQiu; Qi, Xin; Gurney, Mark; Perry, George; Volkow, Nora D; Davis, Pamela B; Kaelber, David C; Xu, Rong · Cohort
AI diffusion model generated collagen mimetic peptides with 66% triple-helix self-assembly success rate, hydrogel formation at 0.08% w/v concentration, and osteoblast differentiation activity for potential bone regeneration applications.
Wang, Xinglong; Xu, Kangjie; Ma, Lingling; Sun, Ruoxi; Wang, Kun; Wang, Ruiyan; Zhang, Junli; Tao, Wenwen; Linghu, Kai; Yu, Shuyao; Zhou, Jingwen · In Vitro
Three major barriers limit oral bioactive peptide delivery — bitter taste, GI instability, and poor transmembrane transport — with emerging solutions including chemical modification, osmotic technology, liposomes, nanoparticles, and hydrogels showing varying degrees of success.
Wang, Xinyu; Yang, Zeyao; Zhang, Wangang; Xing, Lujuan; Luo, Ruiming; Cao, Songmin · Review
Rigid-flexible liposome nanocarriers protected GHK-Cu from enzymatic degradation and enabled sustained release, countering skin cell aging through Nrf2, SIRT1, and COX-2/PGE2 pathway modulation.
Wang, Yan; Lin, Jialiang; Yu, Zihao; Cheng, Jinbo; Cheng, Jianhua; Cui, Weikang · In Vitro
The sea cucumber-derived peptide HDWWKER significantly decreased systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats after IV administration, validating targeted affinity purification combined with computational drug discovery for ACE inhibitor screening.
Wang, Yangduo; Chen, Shicheng; Shi, Wenzheng; Liu, Shuji; Chen, Xiaoting; Pan, Nan; Wang, Xiaoyan; Su, Yongchang; Liu, Zhiyu · In Vitro
Antimicrobial peptides combat drug-resistant pathogens through multiple mechanisms (membrane disruption, cell wall targeting, biofilm elimination, intracellular effects, immune modulation), but face challenges of toxicity, selectivity, stability, and immunogenicity.
Wang, Yeji; Song, Minghui; Chang, Wenqiang · Review
CGRP monoclonal antibodies achieved significantly greater migraine day reduction (-13.0 vs. -8.7 days), higher responder rates (74.7% vs. 50.7%), and fewer adverse events (6.0% vs. 21.0%) compared to onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine patients, including difficult-to-treat cases.
Wang, Yen-Feng; Yang, Fu-Chi; Chen, Lu-An; Chang, Ting-Yu; Su, Hui-Chen; Yang, Chun-Pai; Tu, Yi-Hsien; Tzeng, Yi-Shiang; Chen, Shih-Pin; Fuh, Jong-Ling; Lai, Kuan-Lin; Ling, Yu-Hsiang; Chen, Wei-Ta; Wang, Shuu-Jiun · Cohort
Cathelicidin-BF-decorated hyaluronan scaffold (HAG-g-C) provided dual antibacterial and anti-inflammatory function, killing S. aureus and E. coli while driving M1-to-M2 macrophage polarization and accelerating infected wound healing in mice.
Wang, Yingzi; Zhao, Mingda; Zou, Yaping; Wang, Xiaojuan; Zhang, Min; Sun, Yong · In Vitro
pH-responsive co-assembled peptide-curcumin hydrogel reduced curcumin's MIC against MRSA 10-fold through dual antibacterial mechanisms (cationic peptide membrane disruption + curcumin release) and promoted wound healing in an MRSA-infected mouse model.
Wang, Yu; Shi, Jingru; Wang, Mengyao; Zhang, Lingjiao; Wang, Rui; Zhang, Junjie; Qing, Huiling; Duan, Jinyou; Zhang, Xiaoli; Pu, Guojuan · Animal Study
VIP receptor antagonists ANT308 and ANT195, identified through combinatorial library screening with computational binding prediction, potently activated T cells and induced anti-leukemia responses in mouse AML models and human AML patient samples.
Wang, Yuou; Sen-Majumdar, Anish; Li, Jian-Ming; Sarkar, Srijon; Passang, Tenzin; Li, Yiwen; Cohen, Jamie; Chen, Zihan; Chaudagar, Kiranj; Das, Pankoj Kumar; Wang, Shuhua; Bruk, Nabute; Papadantonakis, Nikolaos; Giver, Cynthia R; Waller, Edmund K · Animal Study
Thymosin beta-4 resolves bacterial keratitis inflammation by activating 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX enzymes, generating specialized pro-resolving mediators (lipoxins, resolvins), and directly enhancing macrophage phagocytosis through SPM pathway activation.
Wang, Yuxin; Banga, Loveleen; Ebrahim, Abdul Shukkur; Carion, Thomas W; Sosne, Gabriel; Berger, Elizabeth A · Animal Study
Three ACE-inhibiting peptides from walnut protein — including the novel designed peptide IKQ — block ACE through anti-competitive inhibition and promote nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells without toxicity.
Wang, Yuzhen; Tang, Hengkuan; Deng, Xinyue; Shen, Yijie; Tang, Mingjian; Wang, Fengjun · In Vitro
Semaglutide (25 nmol/kg IP every 2 days for 30 days) promoted M1-to-M2 microglial transition in 3xTg Alzheimer's mice, reducing neuroinflammation, decreasing hippocampal amyloid-β deposits, and improving memory performance.
Wang, Zhao-Jun; Han, Wei-Na; Chai, Shi-Fan; Li, Yan; Fu, Chao-Jing; Wang, Chen-Fang; Cai, Hong-Yan; Li, Xin-Yi; Wang, Xiao; Hölscher, Christian; Wu, Mei-Na · Animal Study
AMPs and amyloid proteins exhibit bidirectional cross-talk: AMPs modulate amyloid aggregation, fibril formation, and toxicity through diverse mechanisms, while amyloid proteins themselves demonstrate antimicrobial activity.
Wani, Naiem Ahmad; Gazit, Ehud; Ramamoorthy, Ayyalusamy · Review
The microfluidics interaction study (MIS) method correctly ranked peptide drugs by their subcutaneous absorption rate constants, matching in vivo human data, and distinguished between electrostatic HA-binding and non-electrostatic aggregation mechanisms.
Wanselius, Marcus; Abrahmsén-Alami, Susanna; Hanafy, Belal I; Mazza, Mariarosa; Hansson, Per · In Vitro
PBPK modeling identified food adsorption in the GI tract as the primary mechanism behind voclosporin's negative food effect, successfully reproducing clinical pharmacokinetic profiles in both fasted and fed states.
Watanabe, Ayahisa; Akazawa, Takanori; Fujiu, Motohiro · Review
PspA-negative pneumococci were significantly more sensitive to indolicidin-induced killing, and mass spectrometry confirmed direct PspA-indolicidin binding, demonstrating that PspA provides broad-spectrum protection against cationic antimicrobial peptides.
Waz, Natalha T; Milani, Barbara; Assoni, Lucas; Coelho, Guilherme Rabelo; Sciani, Juliana M; Parisotto, Thaís; Ferraz, Lucio F C; Hakansson, Anders P; Converso, Thiago R; Darrieux, Michelle · In Vitro
Apo-lactoferrin-EGCG conjugates significantly upregulated GLP-1 gene and protein expression in NCI-H716 human colon cells beyond what either lactoferrin or EGCG achieved separately, while the conjugation protected EGCG from degradation.
Wazzan, Huda Abdulrahim; Abraham, Amanda N; Saiara, Noshin; Anand, Sushil; Gill, Harsharn; Shukla, Ravi · In Vitro
TRH-expressing arcuate hypothalamic neurons (TRHArc) express GLP-1 receptors, are activated by liraglutide, inhibit AgRP hunger neurons, and are required for liraglutide's full body weight effects — identifying a specific neural circuit for GLP-1 drug-mediated appetite suppression.
Webster, Addison N; Becker, Jordan J; Li, Chia; Schwalbe, Dana C; Kerspern, Damien; Karolczak, Eva O; Bundon, Catherine B; Onoharigho, Roberta A; Crook, Maisie; Jalil, Maira; Godschall, Elizabeth N; Dame, Emily G; Dawer, Adam; Belmont-Rausch, Dylan Matthew; Pers, Tune H; Lutas, Andrew; Habib, Naomi; Güler, Ali D; Krashes, Michael J; Campbell, John N · Animal Study
VPAC2 receptor knockout mice exhibited loss of coordinated day-night variation in SCN neuronal excitability, with neurons manifesting random electrical states, lacking voltage-gated sodium current components, and showing altered responses to light-pathway input signals.
Wegner, Sven; Belle, Mino D C; Chang, Pi-Shan; Hughes, Alun T L; Conibear, Alexandra E; Muir, Charlotte; Samuels, Rayna E; Piggins, Hugh D · Animal Study
The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by OSA's intermittent hypoxia cycle and drives cardiovascular/neurological complications through IL-1β and IL-18 release; GLP-1 receptor agonists show potential to suppress this inflammatory pathway beyond their weight-loss benefits.
Wei, Michelle; Teske, Jennifer A; Mashaqi, Saif; Combs, Daniel · Review
Liraglutide 3 mg produced median weight loss of 4.7% (MCGO) and 5.2% (HSGO) after 12 weeks at maximum dose, with significant improvements in appetite, fat mass, fasting glucose, and HbA1c in adults with genetic obesity.
Welling, Mila S; de Groot, Cornelis J; Mohseni, Mostafa; Meeusen, Renate E H; Boon, Mariëtte R; van Haelst, Mieke M; van den Akker, Erica L T; van Rossum, Elisabeth F C · Cohort
Dihexa (PNB-0408), an angiotensin IV analog previously shown to be neuroprotective in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models, did NOT protect against Huntington's disease-like symptoms in rats. The 3-NP toxin successfully induced HD-like deficits — decreased weight gain, impaired spatial learning and memory, and marked motor dysfunction — but PNB-0408 administered alongside 3-NP failed to attenuate any of these deficits. This is a negative result: the peptide analog that showed promise in other neurodegenerative diseases did not work in this Huntington's disease model.
Wells, Russell G; Azzam, Azzam F; Hiller, Amie L; Sardinia, Michael F · Animal
Rimegepant and atogepant demonstrate significant clinical innovation in migraine therapy with approved indications for acute and preventive treatment, while data is emerging for expanded roles in pediatric, pregnancy, cluster headache, and post-CGRP-antibody-discontinuation populations.
Wells-Gatnik, William David; Pellesi, Lanfranco; Martelletti, Paolo · Review
Available data is insufficient to determine the efficacy of switching between CGRP receptor monoclonal antibodies following discontinuation of initial therapy, according to expert review aligned with European Headache Federation guidelines.
Wells-Gatnik, William David; Martelletti, Paolo · Review
MJN110 (MAGL inhibitor) dose-dependently attenuated post-traumatic headache in mice after repetitive mild TBI by reducing CGRP expression and glial activation in the trigeminal ganglion and nucleus caudalis, with effects mediated through cannabinoid receptor activation.
Wen, Jie; Tanaka, Mikiei; Zhang, Yumin · Animal Study
Semaglutide produced significantly greater weight loss than liraglutide in obese non-diabetic patients, but did not show a significant difference compared to efinopegdutide, with all drugs demonstrating primarily mild-to-moderate GI adverse events.
Wen, Jimmy; How-Volkman, Christiane; Truong, Alina; Nadora, Denise; Bernstein, Ethan M; Akhtar, Muzammil; Puglisi, Jose; Frezza, Eldo · Meta Analysis
Semaglutide showed significantly greater weight loss than liraglutide (mean difference -6.08 kg, 95% CI -8.40 to -3.75) in T2DM patients, while tirzepatide produced significantly greater weight loss than semaglutide (mean difference -3.78 kg, 95% CI -5.52 to -2.04).
Wen, Jimmy; Nadora, Denise; Bernstein, Ethan; How-Volkman, Christiane; Truong, Alina; Akhtar, Muzammil; Prakash, Neha A; Puglisi, Jose; Frezza, Eldo · Meta Analysis
Fixed-ratio combinations (IDegLira, iGlarLixi) and free combinations of basal insulin + GLP-1RA showed comparable HbA1c reduction (MD 0.07%, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.30), but free combinations produced significantly greater weight loss (-2.06 kg) and blood pressure reductions.
Weng, Junling; Tao, Ying; Xu, Zian; Zhou, Shanyan; Xiao, Dunming; Zhu, Zhixu; Zheng, Ruizhi; Yang, Yi; Chen, Yingyao · Meta Analysis
Liposomal FU002 coated with cyclic cell-penetrating peptides achieved oral bioavailability in rats and significant therapeutic efficacy against systemic infection in mice when administered orally, while maintaining antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo.
Werner, Julia; Umstätter, Florian; Hertlein, Tobias; Mühlberg, Eric; Beijer, Barbro; Wohlfart, Sabrina; Zimmermann, Stefan; Haberkorn, Uwe; Ohlsen, Knut; Fricker, Gert; Mier, Walter; Uhl, Philipp · In Vitro
Intranasal LAT9997 (6-amino acid growth hormone fragment) significantly improved survival in severe murine influenza by reducing viral burden, cytokine storm, neutrophil infiltration, vascular leak, and epithelial cell death while preserving protective alveolar macrophages, even when initiated after symptom onset.
West, Alison C; Harpur, Christopher M; Le Page, Mélanie A; Lam, Maggie; Hodges, Christopher; Ely, Lauren K; Gearing, Andrew J; Tate, Michelle D · Animal Study
IcoSema preserves icodec PK (AUC ratio 1.06, Cmax ratio 1.12, within bioequivalence bounds) but produces a 99% higher semaglutide Cmax (ratio 1.99) occurring 72 hours earlier (12 vs 84 h), attributed to albumin binding competition at the injection site.
Westergaard, Lisbet; Alifrangis, Lene; Buckley, Stephen T; Coester, Hans Veit; Klitgaard, Thomas; Kristensen, Niels R; Nishimura, Erica; Nørgreen, Lea; Rocha, Thaís M P; Steensgaard, Dorte B; Vegge, Andreas; Plum-Mörschel, Leona · RCT
KLVFF (Aβ 16-20) self-assembles into nanofibrillar self-healing hydrogels with antibacterial and antifungal activity and no cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells, making it a candidate for antimicrobial wound care.
Wiita, Elizabeth G; Toprakcioglu, Zenon; Jayaram, Akhila K; Knowles, Tuomas P J · In Vitro
Subcutaneous semaglutide initiation caused TSH suppression in a post-thyroidectomy patient on stable levothyroxine replacement, necessitating a 25% levothyroxine dose reduction after 5 years of stable dosing.
Wilcox, Lauren; Van Dril, Elizabeth · Case Series
Antimicrobial polypeptides LL-37 and human defensins, along with S100 proteins and alarmins, can promote oral tumorigenesis through direct growth receptor binding and indirect tumor-promoting gene induction, potentially linking chronic periodontitis to oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Winter, Jochen; Jepsen, Søren · Review
Small spleen peptides (thymosins/Tβ4) transform dendritic cells into tolerogenic cells by modulating extracellular ATP synthesis and degradation profiles, with the adenosine receptor mediating the tolerogenic phenotype, and in vivo administration inhibits psoriatic skin inflammation.
Wixler, Viktor; Leite Dantas, Rafael; Varga, Georg; Boergeling, Yvonne; Ludwig, Stephan · In Vitro
First individual PK profiling of collagen peptides shows Gly-Pro-Hyp has 4.4% oral bioavailability and Pro-Hyp has 19.3%, with flip-flop kinetics indicating transporter-mediated absorption and double-peak patterns suggesting multiple absorption sites.
Won, Jihyun; Kang, Juhyung; Noh, Keumhan; Chung, Hee-Chul; Kang, Wonku · Animal Study
GLP-1R activation attenuates TLR agonist-induced TNF-α through central neuronal GLP-1Rs (not hematopoietic or endothelial), requiring α1-adrenergic, δ-opioid, and κ-opioid receptor signaling, and protects against polymicrobial sepsis through the same neuronal pathway.
Wong, Chi Kin; McLean, Brent A; Baggio, Laurie L; Koehler, Jacqueline A; Hammoud, Rola; Rittig, Nikolaj; Yabut, Julian M; Seeley, Randy J; Brown, Theodore J; Drucker, Daniel J · Animal Study
PLR enhanced insulin transcytosis across RPMI 2650 human nasal epithelial cells by 7.8-fold at 2:1 insulin/PLR molar ratio (p<0.05), with each PLR domain (membrane docking, uptake, endosomal escape) contributing to the enhancement.
Wong, Sara; Brown, Alexander D; Abrahams, Abigail B; Nurzak, An Nisaa; Eltaher, Hoda M; Sykes, David A; Veprintsev, Dmitry B; Fone, Kevin C F; Dixon, James E; King, Madeleine V · In Vitro
Patients treated with GLP-1 RAs showed less liver fibrosis progression (by FIB-4 score) compared to untreated controls in a retrospective cohort of 242 T2DM patients with steatotic liver disease, though differences were modest.
Wood, Marci; Kennedy, Amanda G; Khan, Sidra; Hitt, Juvena R; Davis, Kayla; Reddy, Sheela S; Gilbert, Matthew P · Cohort
Whole-genome RNAi screen in intestinal epithelial cells identified 57 confirmed host factors controlling HBD2 expression upon bacterial challenge, including TLR5-MYD88 signaling, novel epigenetic regulators, and the IBD-associated transcription factor GATA6.
Wozniak, Weronika; Sechet, Emmanuel; Kwon, Yong-Jun; Aulner, Nathalie; Navarro, Lionel; Sperandio, Brice · In Vitro
Initiating GLP-1 RA therapy with FreeStyle Libre produced 0.70% greater HbA1c reduction at 6 months compared to GLP-1 RA alone in matched cohorts (-2.43% vs. -1.73%, p<0.001) among adults with T2D and baseline HbA1c ≥8%.
Wright, Eugene E; Roberts, Gregory J; Chuang, Joyce S; Nabutovsky, Yelena; Virdi, Naunihal; Miller, Eden · Cohort
KKCHFWPFPW (MW 1417.5 Da, pI 9.31) from Pinctada fucata pearl matrix competitively inhibits ACE with IC50 of 4.17 μM, confirmed by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis and molecular docking simulations.
Wu, Chaoyi; Yin, Zehui; Wang, Yayu; Chen, Xinjiani; Li, Bailei; Wang, Qin; Yao, Liping; Zhang, Zhen; Liu, Xiaojun; Zhang, Rongqing · In Vitro