Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Hp1404 analog peptides showed reduced cytotoxicity, enhanced activity against MDR A. baumannii, dual membrane disruption (outer + cytoplasmic), and improved biofilm inhibition at low concentrations compared to parent peptide.
Hong, Min Ji; Kim, Min Kyung; Park, Yoonkyung · In Vitro Study
α-MSH mutant zebrafish showed hyperphagic phenotypes and weight gain with upregulated orexigenic genes (NPY, AgRP2, pmch, hcrt) and altered anorexigenic genes. Melanotan II injection completely rescued the hyperphagia, confirming α-MSH as a key appetite regulator.
Hsieh, Yang-Wen; Tsai, Yi-Wen; Lai, Hsin-Hung; Lai, Chi-Yu; Lin, Chiu-Ya; Her, Guor Mour · Preclinical Animal Study (Zebrafish)
HNLS-3 displayed pH-dependent cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and nuclear localization. HNLS-3-CPT conjugate showed enhanced cytotoxicity and selectivity compared to free CPT.
Huang, Sujie; Zhu, Zhongwen; Jia, Bo; Zhang, Wei; Song, Jingjing · In Vitro Study
Meta-analysis of 28 studies (N=726 ASD patients) found oxytocin had beneficial effects on social functioning but no strong evidence for improvement in non-social domains. Multilevel meta-analytic model used.
Huang, Yi; Huang, Xin; Ebstein, Richard P; Yu, Rongjun · Meta Analysis
GLP-1R agonist induced weight loss, suppressed eosinophilic inflammation, reduced AHR, decreased IL-4/5/33, and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation (reduced NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β) in lung tissues of obese asthmatic mice.
Hur, Jung; Kang, Ji Young; Kim, Young Kyoon; Lee, Sook Young; Lee, Hwa Young · Preclinical Animal Study
GLP-1 receptor agonists were proposed to cause hypoglycemia in healthy normoglycemic subjects, challenging the assumption of purely glucose-dependent action. The FDA evaluated all 12 marketed GLP-1 RAs for potential hypoglycemia safety signals. Risk appears dependent on individual factors.
Ja'arah, Daria; Al Zoubi, Mazhar Salim; Abdelhady, Gamal; Rabi, Firas; Tambuwala, Murtaza M · Review
Characterized the kinetics of CPP-induced pore formation in stearoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine vesicles, providing mechanistic data for engineering endosomal escape in liposomal drug delivery.
James, Honey Priya; Jadhav, Sameer · Biophysical Study
Cardiac hypertrophic risk markers including natriuretic peptides were associated with left ventricular and left atrial hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease patients.
Jan, Muhammad Ishtiaq; Khan, Riaz Anwar; Khan, Naeem; Mahak, Aisha; Shah, Azhar Ul Haq Ali; Hussain, Syed Tasleem; Kakakhel, Ahaq Ullah; Murtaza, Iram · Cross Sectional Observational Study
BPC 157 completely restored disabled myotendinous junctions (where muscle connects to tendon) in rats — an injury that does not heal spontaneously. Both intraperitoneal injection (10 µg/kg and 10 ng/kg) and oral administration produced full functional recovery, reversed progressive muscle atrophy, and eliminated the structural defect by day 28-42. BPC 157 treatment counteracted oxidative stress, normalized NO levels, and modulated eNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression at the injury site. Microscopically, treated rats showed well-oriented recovered tissue with no inflammatory infiltrate by days 28-42, while control rats showed consistently poor outcomes with progressive deterioration.
Japjec, Mladen; Horvat Pavlov, Katarina; Petrovic, Andreja; Staresinic, Mario; Sebecic, Bozidar; Buljan, Matko; Vranes, Hrvoje; Giljanovic, Ana; Drmic, Domagoj; Japjec, Miroslav; Prtoric, Andreja; Lovric, Eva; Batelja Vuletic, Lovorka; Dobric, Ivan; Boban Blagaic, Alenka; Skrtic, Anita; Seiwerth, Sven; Predrag, Sikiric · Animal Study
The review establishes several key connections between GLP-1 and taste: 1. GLP-1 is locally synthesized in taste bud cells on the tongue (preclinical evidence) 2. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are present on gustatory nerves in close proximity to GLP-1-containing taste bud cells 3. GLP-1 signaling is specifically involved in the perception of sweet taste 4. Aging, diabetes, and obesity are all associated with diminished taste and sweet perception 5. Calorie restriction and bariatric surgery reduce appreciation of sweet foods 6. GLP-1 receptor agonists modulate food preference in clinical use 7. Whether GLP-1 drugs directly affect tongue-based taste signaling in humans is currently unknown — the tongue has not been investigated as a clinically relevant target for GLP-1 therapies
Jensterle, Mojca; DeVries, J Hans; Battelino, Tadej; Battelino, Saba; Yildiz, Bulent; Janez, Andrej · Systematic Review
15+ GLP-1-based compounds in clinical obesity development: mono-GLP-1 (semaglutide, PF-0688296, glutazumab), dual (tirzepatide, cotadutide, efinopegdutide, AMG 133), and multi-receptor (CagriSema, HM15211). Semaglutide positioned as the clinical benchmark.
Jepsen, Mathies M; Christensen, Mikkel B · Review
C. textile and C. miles venom subfractions activated CB1 receptor internalization, reduced pain in formalin test and nerve injury model after intrathecal injection, and showed mild to no side effects in CB tetrad assessment. Active components confirmed as peptides.
Jergova, Stanislava; Perez, Cecilia; Imperial, Julita S; Gajavelli, Shyam; Jain, Aakangsha; Abin, Adam; Olivera, Baldomero M; Sagen, Jacqueline · Preclinical Animal Study
Oxytocin modulated 54 effective connectivity links among 15 brain regions, increasing both within- and between-network interactions in emotion, reward, salience, attention, and social cognition networks, with sex-dependent effects favoring males.
Jiang, Xi; Ma, Xiaole; Geng, Yayuan; Zhao, Zhiying; Zhou, Feng; Zhao, Weihua; Yao, Shuxia; Yang, Shimin; Zhao, Zhongbo; Becker, Benjamin; Kendrick, Keith M · Neuroimaging Study (FMRI Meta Analysis)
AWRK6 (novel GLP-1R agonist from frog AMP) alleviated obesity and hepatic steatosis in HED-induced MAFLD mice, improved lipid and glucose metabolism, and activated PI3K/AKT/AMPK/ACC signaling. Confirmed in human HepG2 fatty liver cell model.
Jin, Lili; Sun, Yuxin; Li, Yuying; Zhang, Hanyu; Yu, Wenxue; Li, Yiling; Xin, Yi; Alsareii, Saeed Ali; Wang, Qiuyu; Zhang, Dianbao · Preclinical (Animal + In Vitro)
A cell-based MRGPRX2 assay reliably identified peptide compounds causing injection site histamine release and edema in ex vivo skin samples, serving as a replacement for postmortem animal evaluation.
John, Linu M; Dalsgaard, Charlotte M; Jeppesen, Claus B; Conde-Frieboes, Kilian W; Baumann, Katrine; Knudsen, Niels P H; Skov, Per S; Wulff, Birgitte S · Drug Development/Validation Study
TAT-P110 and SS-31 both reversed Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation in FRDA cells. TAT-P110 decreased ATP levels (suggesting fragmentation is homeostatic). SS-31 reversed fragmentation without affecting ATP. Both act through the same pathway with different downstream effects.
Johnson, Joseph; Mercado-Ayón, Elizabeth; Clark, Elisia; Lynch, David; Lin, Hong · In Vitro Study
Significant progress in LC-MS-based doping control analysis of small peptides over the past decade, enabling reliable detection of growth hormone releasing factors and GnRH analogues among other banned peptide substances.
Judák, Péter; Esposito, Simone; Coppieters, Gilles; Van Eenoo, Peter; Deventer, Koen · Review
Comparison of human liver S9, hepatocyte spheroids, and other in vitro systems revealed model-dependent differences in peptide metabolism prediction, informing best practices for peptide drug development.
Jyrkäs, Juha; Tolonen, Ari · In Vitro Comparative Study
Penetratin-conjugated LPNVs showed efficient cellular uptake, specific ER-targeting, and remarkable lysosomal escape due to pH buffering by PEO-b-PCL-b-PEO, enabling intracellular ER-targeted delivery.
Kang, Jeong Yi; Kim, Seulgi; Kim, Juhyeon; Kang, Nae-Gyu; Yang, Chul-Su; Min, Sun-Joon; Kim, Jin Woong · In Vitro
Stapled peptide V26-SP-8 activates VapC26 toxin in M. tuberculosis through optimized α-helix stabilization. Enhanced activity and cell permeability from hydrocarbon stapling. Effective against MDR-TB and XDR-TB targets.
Kang, Sung-Min; Moon, Heejo; Han, Sang-Woo; Kim, Byeong Wook; Kim, Do-Hee; Kim, Byeong Moon; Lee, Bong-Jin · In Vitro
GLP-1RA: reduced CV death (OR 0.87), all-cause death (OR 0.88), stroke (OR 0.87) — all high-certainty. SGLT2i: reduced CV death (OR 0.82), all-cause death (OR 0.84), HF hospitalization (OR 0.65). DPP4i: no benefit on any CV outcome. DPP4i likely increase pancreatitis (OR 1.63). 129,465 participants, 20 studies.
Kanie, Takayoshi; Mizuno, Atsushi; Takaoka, Yoshimitsu; Suzuki, Takahiro; Yoneoka, Daisuke; Nishikawa, Yuri; Tam, Wilson Wai San; Morze, Jakub; Rynkiewicz, Andrzej; Xin, Yiqiao; Wu, Olivia; Providencia, Rui; Kwong, Joey Sw · Meta Analysis
Computationally designed stapled macrocyclic peptides predicted to bind S100B(ββ) with high affinity. Modified with imaging agents for theranostic applications. Designed to disrupt S100B-partner protein interactions driving cancer and neurodegeneration.
Kannan, Srinivasaraghavan; Aronica, Pietro G A; Nguyen, Thanh Binh; Li, Jianguo; Verma, Chandra S · Computational
Discovered a putative β-arrestin-biased GHSR superagonist through dual screening (calcium antagonism + ERK1/2 phosphorylation). Activity not completely blocked by competitive antagonist, suggesting allosteric binding mechanism.
Karaki, Fumika; Oki, Tomoya; Sakao, Yuma; Sato, Noriko; Hirayama, Shigeto; Miyano, Kanako; Uezono, Yasuhito; Fujii, Hideaki · In Vitro
AMP-modified silk fibroin + silica nanostructure hybrid aerogel scaffolds achieved antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and biomimetic hierarchical porosity through 3D printing for bone tissue engineering.
Karamat-Ullah, Nighat; Demidov, Yan; Schramm, Michael; Grumme, Daniela; Auer, Jaqueline; Bohr, Christoph; Brachvogel, Bent; Maleki, Hajar · In Vitro
Six-membered carbocyclic α,α-disubstituted amino acids were synthesized and incorporated into arginine-rich CPPs. Ring size affected peptide helicity and cell-penetrating properties, providing design insights for CPP optimization.
Kato, Takuma; Kita, Yuki; Iwanari, Kazuki; Asano, Akiko; Oba, Makoto; Tanaka, Masakazu; Doi, Mitsunobu · In Vitro
Oxytocin increased N,N-dimethylglycine (FDR p=0.043, d=0.74; N=83). In high-responder subgroup: FDR p=0.004, d=1.13, N=60. DMG increase correlated with clinical improvement at 2 weeks (r=-0.485, p=0.006) and deterioration at 2-4 weeks (r=0.415, p=0.032).
Kato, Yasuhiko; Kuwabara, Hitoshi; Okada, Takashi; Munesue, Toshio; Benner, Seico; Kuroda, Miho; Kojima, Masaki; Yassin, Walid; Eriguchi, Yosuke; Kameno, Yosuke; Murayama, Chihiro; Nishimura, Tomoko; Tsuchiya, Kenji; Kasai, Kiyoto; Ozaki, Norio; Kosaka, Hirotaka; Yamasue, Hidenori · Rct
Developed a systematic computational tool for predicting defensins from peptide sequences, scanning genomes for novel defensins, and designing new defensin antimicrobial peptides with high accuracy.
Kaur, Dilraj; Patiyal, Sumeet; Arora, Chakit; Singh, Ritesh; Lodhi, Gaurav; Raghava, Gajendra P S · Computational
NYT suppressed anxiety behaviors in NPY-KO zebrafish after 4-day dietary supplementation, with reduced tyrosine hydroxylase and ERK phosphorylation in brain. 9/12 component herbs reduced freezing. Schisandra fruit and its lignan schizandrin were the most potent anxiolytic components.
Kawabe, Momoko; Hayashi, Akito; Komatsu, Masaharu; Inui, Akio; Shiozaki, Kazuhiro · Animal
Chronic nerve injury increased CCK mRNA in ventrolateral PAG and dorsal raphe neurons and CCK-8 peptide in PAG terminal boutons. Microinjection of CCK-8 into rostral lateral/ventrolateral PAG of uninjured rats reproduced CCI-induced social behavior disruptions.
Keay, Kevin A; Argueta, Manuel A; Zafir, Daniel N; Wyllie, Peter M; Michael, Gregory J; Boorman, Damien C · Animal
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) mechanism enables controllable P22 VLP disassembly under physiological conditions (neutral pH, moderate temperature). Norbornene-conjugated VLPs disassemble upon AquaMet catalyst treatment, releasing GFP reporter cargo.
Kelly, M Patrick; Napolitano, Tanya; Anand, Prachi; Ho, Justin S K; Jabeen, Shakeela; Kuppan, Jessica; Manir, Sujoy; Holford, Mandë · In Vitro
Short peptides consisting of just 2–7 amino acid residues can penetrate cell nuclei and nucleoli, where they interact directly with nucleosomes, histone proteins, and both single- and double-stranded DNA. These DNA–peptide interactions include sequence recognition in gene promoters, which is critical for replication, transcription, and DNA repair. The review also found that short peptides can regulate DNA methylation status — an epigenetic mechanism that activates or represses genes in normal conditions, pathological states, and during aging. The authors propose that short peptides were likely among the earliest signaling molecules in evolution, directing template-based synthesis reactions.
Khavinson, Vladimir Khatskelevich; Popovich, Irina Grigor'evna; Linkova, Natalia Sergeevna; Mironova, Ekaterina Sergeevna; Ilina, Anastasiia Romanovna · Systematic Review
Hybrid cyclic-linear CPPs with alternative positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids showed enhanced cellular uptake and delivery of cell-impermeable, negatively charged molecules.
Khayyatnejad Shoushtari, Sorour; Zoghebi, Khalid; Sajid, Muhammad Imran; Tiwari, Rakesh Kumar; Parang, Keykavous · In Vitro
Comprehensive review covering monocyclic peptide classification, synthesis methods (chemical and enzymatic), and applications in bioactive molecule design, targeted therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccine development.
Khazaei-Poul, Yalda; Farhadi, Shohreh; Ghani, Sepideh; Ahmadizad, Safar Ali; Ranjbari, Javad · Review
AP CPP (9 amino acids with one cysteine) delivered EGFP to human T cells and biodistributed to spleen, liver, intestines, and brain after systemic administration. AP-ctCTLA-4 reduced Th17 differentiation in vitro and ameliorated EAE with decreased IL-17A+GM-CSF+ CD4 T cells in vivo.
Kim, Won-Ju; Kim, Gil-Ran; Cho, Hyun-Jung; Choi, Je-Min · Animal
Central CRF-R signaling → sympathetic activation → ghrelin secretion → plasma glucose maintenance during 60% calorie restriction. Blocking CRF-R, beta-1 receptors, or ghrelin receptors all reduced glucose. Ghrelin co-administration rescued glucose in each case.
Kimura, Risa; Kondo, Daisuke; Takemi, Shota; Fujishiro, Miyuki; Tsukahara, Shinji; Sakai, Takafumi; Sakata, Ichiro · Animal
Bestatin treatment reduced tumor growth and 68Ga-NODAGA-c(NGR) PET uptake in HT1080 and B16-F10 tumors. The NGR peptide radiotracer specifically detected APN/CD13 expression changes, enabling in vivo monitoring of antiangiogenic treatment efficacy.
Kis, Adrienn; Dénes, Noémi; Szabó, Judit P; Arató, Viktória; Beke, Lívia; Matolay, Orsolya; Enyedi, Kata Nóra; Méhes, Gábor; Mező, Gábor; Bai, Péter; Kertész, István; Trencsényi, György · Animal
POGZWT/Q1038R mice showed social deficits and reduced OXTR expression. POGZ binds to the OXTR promoter region, regulating its transcription. OXT neuron numbers in PVN were unchanged. Intranasal oxytocin effectively restored social behavior in POGZ mutant mice.
Kitagawa, Kohei; Matsumura, Kensuke; Baba, Masayuki; Kondo, Momoka; Takemoto, Tomoya; Nagayasu, Kazuki; Ago, Yukio; Seiriki, Kaoru; Hayata-Takano, Atsuko; Kasai, Atsushi; Takuma, Kazuhiro; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hashimoto, Hitoshi; Nakazawa, Takanobu · Animal
The heterodimeric leucine zipper system (LzK/LzE) formed a 1:1 hybrid in solution, confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy, effectively conjugating cargo proteins to cell-penetrating peptides without covalent modification. When used to deliver p53 (p53-LzK/LzE-CPP), the hybrid localized to cell nuclei and inhibited cell-specific proliferation across multiple cell lines. Critically, the leucine zipper delivery system outperformed the directly fused p53-CPP conjugate in proliferation inhibition, suggesting that the non-covalent, modular attachment preserves protein cargo activity better than direct fusion.
Kitamatsu, Mizuki; Yuasa, Hiroki; Ohtsuki, Takashi; Michiue, Hiroyuki · In Vitro
DDAVP initiation in untreated Wolfram DI caused ANP elevation ×50 and BNP ×2-4, blocking zona glomerulosa steroidogenesis, causing secondary mineralocorticoid deficiency and acute hyponatremia from RSW. Fludrocortisone 100-200 μg twice daily rescued electrolytes within 48 hours.
Kleanthous, Kleanthis; Maratou, Eirini; Spyropoulou, Dora; Dermitzaki, Eleni; Papadimitriou, Anastasios; Zoupanos, George; Moutsatsou, Paraskevi; Mastorakos, George; Urano, Fumihiko; Papadimitriou, Dimitrios T · Case Report
MDM232-46 peptide elicited antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that killed tumors via granzyme B. MDM2-reactive T cells found in head/neck cancer patients. Nutlin-3 augmented anti-tumor immunity by upregulating MDM2, HLA-I, and HLA-DR through CIITA.
Kono, Michihisa; Kumai, Takumi; Hayashi, Ryusuke; Yamaki, Hidekiyo; Komatsuda, Hiroki; Wakisaka, Risa; Nagato, Toshihiro; Ohkuri, Takayuki; Kosaka, Akemi; Ohara, Kenzo; Kishibe, Kan; Takahara, Miki; Katada, Akihiro; Hayashi, Tatsuya; Celis, Esteban; Kobayashi, Hiroya; Harabuchi, Yasuaki · In Vitro
Multiple neuropeptide systems (CRF, dynorphin, substance P, nociceptin, orexin, vasopressin, NPY, endocannabinoids, and others) are dysregulated in the extended amygdala/habenula during drug withdrawal, driving hyperkatifeia that motivates compulsive drug seeking across substances.
Koob, George F · Review
From 242 exit surveys and 80 telephone interviews, bremelanotide-treated women described increased sexual desire, physical arousal, and improved sexual activity quality — physiological responses not reported by placebo-treated women, who described non-physiological benefits only.
Koochaki, Patricia; Revicki, Dennis; Wilson, Hilary; Pokrzywinski, Robin; Jordan, Robert; Lucas, Johna; Williams, Laura A; Sadiq, Amama; Krop, Julie · Rct
Novel injury-free two-hit hyperalgesic priming model produced CGRP-dependent migraine-like pain in mice. Sumatriptan (acute) and anti-CGRP antibody (preventive) both showed efficacy. CGRP receptor activation had distinct temporal contributions to pain phases. Sex differences observed.
Kopruszinski, Caroline M; Navratilova, Edita; Swiokla, Juliana; Dodick, David W; Chessell, Iain P; Porreca, Frank · Animal
CPPs enhance diabetes treatment by: (1) improving hypoglycemic drug effectiveness, (2) facilitating insulin delivery, (3) synergizing with immunosuppressants for islet transplantation, (4) prolonging drug pharmacokinetics, and (5) retarding diabetic nephropathy.
Korivi, Mallikarjuna; Huang, Yue-Wern; Liu, Betty R · Review
Pramlintide with insulin reduces HbA1c and weight with minimal/no hypoglycemia in T1DM and T2DM. Mechanisms: delayed gastric emptying, glucagon suppression, appetite reduction. Cardiovascular safety appears favorable. Shares mechanisms with GLP-1 RAs.
Koshy, Rithika Mary; Fernandez, Cornelius James; Jacob, Koshy · Review
Researchers developed cagrilintide, a stable, lipidated long-acting amylin analogue that overcomes two major challenges of native amylin: its tendency to form amyloid fibrils and its very short half-life. Unlike pramlintide (the only approved amylin analogue), which requires three daily injections, cagrilintide's lipidation strategy enables once-weekly dosing. Cagrilintide has induced significant weight loss in clinical trials both when used alone and when combined with the GLP-1 analogue semaglutide. The paper details the structure-activity relationship studies that led to selecting cagrilintide (compound 23) from a series of candidates for clinical development with obesity as the primary indication.
Kruse, Thomas; Hansen, Jakob Lerche; Dahl, Kirsten; Schäffer, Lauge; Sensfuss, Ulrich; Poulsen, Christian; Schlein, Morten; Hansen, Ann Maria Kruse; Jeppesen, Claus Bekker; Dornonville de la Cour, Charlotta; Clausen, Trine Ryberg; Johansson, Eva; Fulle, Simone; Skyggebjerg, Rikke Bjerring; Raun, Kirsten · Preclinical
Alanine scanning revealed: some substitutions increased antimicrobial activity, while hydrophobic face substitutions (F5A, I24A, L31A) inhibited scavenger receptor binding and inflammatory response without disrupting RNA organization. LL-37 functions as an "innate immune vetter" via SR-B1 binding.
Kulkarni, Nikhil N; O'Neill, Alan M; Dokoshi, Tatsuya; Luo, Elizabeth W C; Wong, Gerard C L; Gallo, Richard L · In Vitro
Tachyplesin demonstrated effective anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, through a peptide-mediated parasite killing mechanism.
Kumar, Vivek; Chugh, Archana · In Vitro
IRDye800CW-labeled uPAR-targeting peptide provided specific fluorescence visualization of GBM tumor margins in orthotopic xenograft models, enabling fluorescence-guided surgical resection with clear tumor-to-background contrast.
Kurbegovic, Sorel; Juhl, Karina; Sørensen, Kasper Kildegaard; Leth, Julie; Willemoe, Gro Linno; Christensen, Anders; Adams, Yvonne; Jensen, Anja Ramstedt; von Buchwald, Christian; Skjøth-Rasmussen, Jane; Ploug, Michael; Jensen, Knud J; Kjaer, Andreas · Animal
The review consolidates evidence that natriuretic peptides serve a dual role in heart failure — as diagnostic biomarkers and as cardioprotective agents. ANP and BNP directly oppose the effects of angiotensin II through diuretic/natriuretic actions (promoting water and sodium excretion), vasodilation (relaxing blood vessels), and inhibition of aldosterone secretion. CNP primarily regulates vascular tone and blood pressure. BNP and NT-proBNP (a cleavage product of proBNP processing) are elevated in heart failure patients and have become standard clinical biomarkers for detecting cardiac load. The review discusses how understanding the full biology of these peptides — from gene expression to receptor signaling — is informing development of natriuretic peptide-based therapeutics.
Kuwahara, Koichiro · Review