Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
Preclinical evidence supports GLP-1 receptor agonists as potential cognitive enhancers, with activity in brain regions involved in learning and memory, though clinical evidence in schizophrenia is still needed.
Flintoff, Jonathan; Kesby, James P; Siskind, Dan; Burne, Thomas Hj · Review
Systematic D-amino acid substitution in a hexapeptide amyloid sequence modulated self-assembly conformation, aggregation kinetics, and microstructure morphology while maintaining hydrogel formation and HeLa cell compatibility.
Florio, Daniele; Di Natale, Concetta; Scognamiglio, Pasqualina Liana; Leone, Marilisa; La Manna, Sara; Di Somma, Sarah; Netti, Paolo Antonio; Malfitano, Anna Maria; Marasco, Daniela · In Vitro
GLP-1RA users had significantly fewer asthma exacerbations at 6 months compared to SGLT-2 inhibitors (IRR 2.98), DPP-4 inhibitors (IRR 2.45), sulfonylureas (IRR 1.83), and basal insulin (IRR 2.58), all with p<0.05.
Foer, Dinah; Beeler, Patrick E; Cui, Jing; Karlson, Elizabeth W; Bates, David W; Cahill, Katherine N · Retrospective Cohort
Snake venoms contain multiple cardiovascular-active peptide classes: PLA2, natriuretic peptides, bradykinin-potentiating peptides, CRISPs, disintegrins, fibrinolytic enzymes, and three-finger toxins, with mechanisms including vasorelaxation, anti-platelet activity, and cardioprotection.
Frangieh, Jacinthe; Rima, Mohamad; Fajloun, Ziad; Henrion, Daniel; Sabatier, Jean-Marc; Legros, Christian; Mattei, César · Review
E. coli resistance to CPP-delivered antimicrobials requires constitutive Cpx stress response activation (cpx*), which decreases cytoplasmic membrane potential and blocks energy-dependent uptake of arginine-rich CPP conjugates.
Frimodt-Møller, Jakob; Koulouktsis, Andreas; Charbon, Godefroid; Otterlei, Marit; Nielsen, Peter E; Løbner-Olesen, Anders · In Vitro (Bacterial Genetics)
Tirzepatide was noninferior and superior to semaglutide 1mg: HbA1c reductions of -2.01%, -2.24%, -2.30% (5/10/15mg) vs -1.86% semaglutide. Weight loss differences: -1.9, -3.6, -5.5 kg favoring tirzepatide (all p<0.001).
Frías, Juan P; Davies, Melanie J; Rosenstock, Julio; Pérez Manghi, Federico C; Fernández Landó, Laura; Bergman, Brandon K; Liu, Bing; Cui, Xuewei; Brown, Katelyn · Randomized Controlled Trial (Phase 3)
Whey protein for 12 weeks reduced subjective hunger (p=0.02) and increased postprandial peptide YY response (with low fiber), but had no effect on insulin sensitivity, GLP-1, body composition, 24-hour blood pressure, or energy expenditure versus maltodextrin control.
Fuglsang-Nielsen, Rasmus; Rakvaag, Elin; Langdahl, Bente; Knudsen, Knud Erik Bach; Hartmann, Bolette; Holst, Jens Juul; Hermansen, Kjeld; Gregersen, Søren · Randomized Controlled Trial
WT1 CTL + helper peptide vaccine induced stronger WT1-specific CTL responses than CTL peptide alone in glioma patients, generating a novel WT1-tetramer-high CD5-high CTL population with enhanced persistence capacity.
Fujiki, Fumihiro; Tsuboi, Akihiro; Morimoto, Soyoko; Hashimoto, Naoya; Inatome, Miki; Nakajima, Hiroko; Nakata, Jun; Nishida, Sumiyuki; Hasegawa, Kana; Hosen, Naoki; Oka, Yoshihiro; Oji, Yusuke; Sogo, Shinji; Sugiyama, Haruo · Clinical (Observational Comparison)
CAPS2 knockout mice had reduced plasma but increased hypothalamic/pituitary oxytocin levels (release failure). OXT neuron-specific CAPS2 deletion impaired social interaction and recognition, which was rescued by intranasal oxytocin administration.
Fujima, Shuhei; Yamaga, Ryosuke; Minami, Haruka; Mizuno, Shota; Shinoda, Yo; Sadakata, Tetsushi; Abe, Manabu; Sakimura, Kenji; Sano, Yoshitake; Furuichi, Teiichi · Animal
Iterative peptide design yielded functional peptides with refined ability to modulate biomembrane barrier function, lipid packing, and structure.
Futaki, Shiroh · Review
Three hybrid compounds (SBL-OPNK-5, -7, -9) bearing the KGOP01 scaffold achieved nanomolar μ-opioid receptor affinity, slightly reduced δ-opioid receptor affinity, and (sub)nanomolar NK2 and NK3 binding — the first designed multi-ligands targeting these receptor combinations.
Gadais, Charlène; Piekielna-Ciesielska, Justyna; De Neve, Jolien; Martin, Charlotte; Janecka, Anna; Ballet, Steven · In Vitro
Tryptophan triggers defensin expression through CaSR activation, reduces LPS-induced IL-1β (75.26 pg/mL) and TNF-α (449.8 pg/mL) levels, and maintains kynurenine homeostasis through CaSR signaling during inflammatory responses.
Gao, Nan; Dou, Xiujing; Yin, Ting; Yang, Yang; Yan, Di; Ma, Ziwen; Bi, Chongpeng; Shan, Anshan · In Vitro + Animal
Rational design and all-hydrocarbon stapling of TEAD coactivator α-helix peptides improved binding affinity >5-fold by stabilizing helical structure (reducing indirect readout penalty) and optimizing interfacial residues (enhancing direct readout).
Gao, Shuxia; Wang, Yingchao; Ji, Lijuan · In Vitro (Computational + Binding Assays)
Beta-hairpin peptide CBHH co-assembled with succinic, malic, and tartaric dicarboxylates to form hydrogels with tunable rheological properties and cell culture compatibility, with molecular interactions characterized by CD and AFM.
Ge, Yanqing; Wang, Chen; Zhang, Weiqiang; Lai, Shike; Wang, Dong; Wang, Jiqian · In Vitro
Pramlintide induced headache in 88% and migraine-like attacks in 41% of patients (vs CGRP: 97% and 56%, differences not significant). The effects were mediated through amylin receptors, not the canonical CGRP receptor. Animal models confirmed amylin causes cutaneous hypersensitivity and light aversion.
Ghanizada, Hashmat; Al-Karagholi, Mohammad Al-Mahdi; Walker, Christopher S; Arngrim, Nanna; Rees, Tayla; Petersen, Jakeb; Siow, Andrew; Mørch-Rasmussen, Mette; Tan, Sheryl; O'Carroll, Simon J; Harris, Paul; Skovgaard, Lene Theil; Jørgensen, Niklas Rye; Brimble, Margaret; Waite, Jayme S; Rea, Brandon J; Sowers, Levi P; Russo, Andrew F; Hay, Debbie L; Ashina, Messoud · Randomized Controlled Trial (Crossover) + Animal
NLY01 delayed EAE onset and reduced severity in prevention paradigm, inhibited immune cell activation and CNS trafficking, suppressed chemokine production, blocked neurotoxic astrocyte genes, prevented retinal ganglion cell loss, and reduced clinical scores in relapsing-remitting EAE.
Gharagozloo, Marjan; Smith, Matthew D; Sotirchos, Elias S; Jin, Jing; Meyers, Keya; Taylor, Michelle; Garton, Thomas; Bannon, Riley; Lord, Hannah-Noelle; Dawson, Ted M; Dawson, Valina L; Lee, Seulki; Calabresi, Peter A · Animal
Eye pain in dry eye disease is modulated by endogenous opioid peptides. Peripheral and central sensitization causes pain persistence. Topical opiorphin-containing formulations represent a novel theoretical approach to treat ocular pain by enhancing endogenous enkephalin activity.
Giannaccare, Giuseppe; Ghelardini, Carla; Mancini, Alessandra; Scorcia, Vincenzo; Di Cesare Mannelli, Lorenzo · Review
Oral semaglutide 14mg reduced total daily ad libitum energy intake by 38.9% versus placebo (treatment difference -5,096 kJ, p=0.0001). Increased satiety and fullness after fat-rich breakfast. Body weight decreased 2.7 kg (mostly fat mass) vs 0.1 kg placebo.
Gibbons, Catherine; Blundell, John; Tetens Hoff, Søren; Dahl, Kirsten; Bauer, Robert; Baekdal, Tine · Randomized Controlled Trial
SARS-CoV-2 infection induced selective IFN-λ1 upregulation in children (≤15 years) without β-defensin changes, while adults (15-65) and elderly (≥65) showed IFN-α/β and β-defensin 1-3 upregulation without IFN-λ1 modulation. 226 subjects analyzed.
Gilbert, Charly; Lefeuvre, Caroline; Preisser, Laurence; Pivert, Adeline; Soleti, Raffaella; Blanchard, Simon; Delneste, Yves; Ducancelle, Alexandra; Couez, Dominique; Jeannin, Pascale · Observational Study
Visabron c(4-4), a backbone cyclic octapeptide derived from viper venom disintegrin, effectively reduced EAE disease severity in mice while showing no immunogenicity or off-target toxicity.
Gilon, Chaim; Klazas, Michal; Lahiani, Adi; Schumacher-Klinger, Adi; Merzbach, Shira; Naoum, Johnny N; Ovadia, Haim; Rubin, Limor; Cornell-Kennon, Susan; Schaefer, Erik M; Katzhendler, Jehoshua; Marcinkiewicz, Cezary; Hoffman, Amnon; Lazarovici, Philip · Preclinical Animal Study
Neonatal fluvoxamine (postnatal days 1-14) caused long-term anxiety, impaired learning, and altered brain monoamines. Subsequent Semax treatment (postnatal days 15-28) reduced anxiety, improved learning, and normalized brain biogenic amine levels.
Glazova, Nataliya Yu; Manchenko, Daria M; Volodina, Maria A; Merchieva, Svetlana A; Andreeva, Ludmila A; Kudrin, Vladimir S; Myasoedov, Nikolai F; Levitskaya, Natalia G · Preclinical Animal Study
5 mol% azaG substitution increased nanofiber persistence length 5-fold. Scaffold bioactivity toward iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons was enhanced by persistence length independently of bulk storage modulus, improving neuron survival and tyrosine hydroxylase expression.
Godbe, Jacqueline M; Freeman, Ronit; Lewis, Jacob A; Sasselli, Ivan R; Sangji, M Hussain; Stupp, Samuel I · In Vitro Study
TMSB4X was the most upregulated secreted protein from contracting C2C12 myotubes by MS-based proteomics, and was acutely increased in plasma of exercising humans irrespective of insulin resistance status.
Gonzalez-Franquesa, Alba; Stocks, Ben; Borg, Melissa L; Kuefner, Michael; Dalbram, Emilie; Nielsen, Thomas S; Agrawal, Ankita; Pankratova, Stanislava; Chibalin, Alexander V; Karlsson, Håkan K R; Gheibi, Sevda; Björnholm, Marie; Jørgensen, Niklas Rye; Clemmensen, Christoffer; Hostrup, Morten; Treebak, Jonas T; Krook, Anna; Zierath, Juleen R; Deshmukh, Atul S · Mixed Methods (Proteomics, Human Observational, Animal, In Vitro)
Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies represent a paradigm shift in migraine prevention as the first treatments designed specifically for migraine. All four (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, eptinezumab) have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials.
González-Hernández, Abimael; Marichal-Cancino, Bruno A; Villalón, Carlos M · Review
BPP-10c acts on both renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems: inhibits ACE (reducing angiotensin II), enhances bradykinin B2 receptor effects, and increases nitric oxide — addressing the dual system disruption caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Gouda, Ahmed S; Mégarbane, Bruno · Review
In 112 adolescents, CGRP mAbs reduced headache frequency by 2.0 days/month (95% CI -0.8 to -3.2). 29.5% perceived significant benefit. 31% reported functional improvement. Side effects were mild and similar to adults. 4.5% discontinued for side effects.
Greene, Kaitlin A; Gentile, Carlyn P; Szperka, Christina L; Yonker, Marcy; Gelfand, Amy A; Grimes, Barbara; Irwin, Samantha L · Retrospective Cohort
Fosaprepitant (NK-1R antagonist) blocked UVR-B-induced NKR-1 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production in both exposed and unexposed partner eyes in a mouse cataract model.
Gross, Janine; Wegener, Alfred R; Kronschläger, Martin; Schönfeld, Carl-Ludwig; Holz, Frank G; Meyer, Linda M · Preclinical Animal Study
Lactoferrins and lactoferricins employ diverse antimicrobial mechanisms including iron sequestration, membrane disruption, biofilm inhibition, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities across bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Gruden, Špela; Poklar Ulrih, Nataša · Review
Optimized di-valine stapled peptide blocked HSV-1 DNA synthesis and infection in human primary corneal epithelial cells with selectivity index of 11.6. Unstapled control peptide had no effect. Peptide did not block unrelated virus infection (specificity confirmed).
Guan, Hancheng; Nuth, Manunya; Lee, Vivian; Lin, Chenyan; Mitchell, Claire H; Lu, Wennan; Scott, Richard W; Parker, Michael H; Kulp, John L; Reitz, Allen B; Ricciardi, Robert P · In Vitro Study
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in guinea pigs caused significantly increased expression of substance P, NK1R, CGRP, TRPA1, and TRPV1 in cough reflex pathways, all positively correlated with enhanced cough sensitivity to capsaicin challenge.
Guan, Mengyue; Ying, Sun; Wang, Yuguang · Preclinical Animal Study
Two de novo designed heterochiral macrocyclic peptides (PD-i3, PD-i6) bind PD-1 and block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. NMR elucidation confirmed computational structure predictions. The Rosetta framework enables generalizable design of target-specific cyclic peptides.
Guardiola, Salvador; Varese, Monica; Roig, Xavier; Sánchez-Navarro, Macarena; García, Jesús; Giralt, Ernest · Computational & Biophysical Study
KV1.3 ion channel inhibitors derived from venom peptides selectively suppress effector memory T cells involved in autoimmune diseases, with multiple medicinal chemistry approaches being pursued to optimize them as therapeutics.
Gubič, Špela; Hendrickx, Louise A; Toplak, Žan; Sterle, Maša; Peigneur, Steve; Tomašič, Tihomir; Pardo, Luis A; Tytgat, Jan; Zega, Anamarija; Mašič, Lucija P · Review
Acute GLP-1 injection consistently stimulates the physiological stress response in rodents (increased stress hormones). Long-term GLP-1 exposure shows anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in animal models. In clinical studies, prolonged GLP-1 analogue treatment in type 2 diabetes patients improved mood and general psychological wellbeing. However, these clinical benefits may be confounded by associated weight loss and improved glycemic control. GLP-1 acts on brain areas involved in stress response and emotion regulation, supporting a potential direct role beyond appetite suppression.
Guerrero-Hreins, Eva; Goldstone, Anthony P; Brown, Robyn M; Sumithran, Priya · Review
Peptide 2 (LVGKLLKGAVGDVCGLLPIC) binds LPS with KD of 1.05 × 10⁻⁹ M, inhibits TNF-α and IL-6, has low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, and protected mice from LPS-induced death.
Guo, Caifen; Li, Jian; Lee, WenHui; Li, Hao; Shen, Jihong; Zhang, Baiyu · Preclinical (In Vitro + Animal)
RS intake significantly improved GLP-1 and PYY gut hormone levels, improved blood glucose (5/8 studies) and insulin sensitivity (2/3 studies). No consistent effect on body weight, body composition, energy intake, or lipid profiles.
Guo, Jiayue; Tan, Libo; Kong, Lingyan · Systematic Review
A novel CPP derived from CDN1 was identified through in silico screening and experimentally validated for cellular uptake and intracellular labeling in living cells.
Guo, Xiangli; Chen, Linlin; Wang, Lidan; Geng, Jingping; Wang, Tao; Hu, Jixiong; Li, Jason; Liu, Changbai; Wang, Hu · In Vitro Study
In mice, 85% of GHSR-expressing islet cells coexpress PP and 50% coexpress SST. In humans, 59% coexpress PPY and 95% coexpress SST. GHSR expression is upregulated in beta cells by T2DM. LEAP2 and GHSR antagonists elevated plasma PP.
Gupta, Deepali; Dowsett, Georgina K C; Mani, Bharath K; Shankar, Kripa; Osborne-Lawrence, Sherri; Metzger, Nathan P; Lam, Brian Y H; Yeo, Giles S H; Zigman, Jeffrey M · Mixed Methods (Reporter Mouse, Transcriptomics, In Vivo)
In vitro-evolved peptides bind monomeric actin and functionally mimic thymosin beta-4, the natural actin-sequestering protein. These represent the first synthetic probes for monomeric actin.
Gübeli, Raphael J; Bertoldo, Davide; Shimada, Kenji; Gerhold, Christian B; Hurst, Verena; Takahashi, Yuichiro; Harada, Kai; Mothukuri, Ganesh K; Wilbs, Jonas; Harata, Masahiko; Gasser, Susan M; Heinis, Christian · In Vitro Study
Combined ADMSC + exenatide therapy showed superior renoprotective effects versus ADMSCs alone in diabetic rats, with significant improvement in kidney function and reduced inflammatory, fibrotic, and apoptotic markers.
Habib, Heba A; Heeba, Gehan H; Khalifa, Mohamed M A · Preclinical Animal Study
RYGB upregulated LEAP2 expression. LEAP2₃₈₋₄₇ demonstrated robust insulinotropic activity comparable to GLP-1 in human islets, likely via GHSR attenuation. But IV infusion in 10 healthy humans at the chosen dose showed no glucoregulatory effect.
Hagemann, Christoffer A; Zhang, Chen; Hansen, Henrik H; Jorsal, Tina; Rigbolt, Kristoffer T G; Madsen, Martin R; Bergmann, Natasha C; Heimbürger, Sebastian M N; Falkenhahn, Mechthilde; Theis, Stefan; Breitschopf, Kristin; Holm, Stephanie; Hedegaard, Morten A; Christensen, Mikkel B; Vilsbøll, Tina; Holst, Birgitte; Vrang, Niels; Jelsing, Jacob; Knop, Filip K · Translational (Gene Expression + In Vitro + Human Infusion)
Resistance exercise reduced ghrelin (p=0.006), PYY (p=0.001), and GLP-1 (p=0.013) AUC versus aerobic exercise. Neither exercise type increased ad libitum energy intake versus sedentary control (REx 991, AEx 937, SED 944 kcal, p=0.50).
Halliday, Tanya M; White, Mollie H; Hild, Allison K; Conroy, Molly B; Melanson, Edward L; Cornier, Marc-Andre · Crossover Trial
Intranasal oxytocin was anxiolytic for VPA males but anxiogenic for VPA females. In both sexes, oxytocin impaired social interactions in the sociability test and failed to improve sociosexual deficits. Prenatal VPA produced sex-specific behavioral deficits.
Harding, Shannon M; Masters, Ellen C; D'Agata, Christina M; Agudelo Rivera, Aura C; Smith, Emma C · Preclinical Animal Study
Systematic binding profiles created for 9 peptides (5 α-helical, 4 Ω-loop) from 8 coactivators against all 4 TEADs. Hydrocarbon stapling and cyclization improved binding affinity without altering TEAD recognition specificity.
He, Bo; Wu, Tao; He, Ping; Lv, Fenglin; Liu, Hongxiang · Computational & Biophysical Study
Human islets actively secrete GLP-2 under normal conditions, and this secretion increases under diabetic stress conditions (high glucose/palmitate, inflammatory cytokines, and LPS). The DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin markedly potentiated GLP-2 levels by preventing its breakdown. GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) mRNA was found in islets from all 10 donors tested, though expression was low and decreased under inflammatory conditions. Activating the GLP-2R with teduglutide had no effect on insulin secretion or beta cell function, but it specifically dampened macrophage-dependent inflammatory markers (IL1B and IL10) while leaving macrophage-independent cytokines (IL6, IL8, TNF) unaffected. The GLP-2R antagonist GLP-2(3-33) reversed this anti-inflammatory effect, confirming it was receptor-mediated. Conditioned media from teduglutide-treated islets also reduced M1-like (pro-inflammatory) polarization of macrophages, including lower production of itaconate and succinate — metabolic markers of activated inflammatory macrophages.
He, Wei; Rebello, Osmond D; Henne, Antonia; Nikolka, Fabian; Klein, Thomas; Maedler, Kathrin · In Vitro
Single neoepitope Nes2LR as short peptide nanoparticle vaccine prevented tumor growth and eradicated disease in subcutaneous, lung metastasis, and orthotopic renal carcinoma models at doses orders of magnitude lower than other adjuvants. Synergized with checkpoint blockade.
He, Xuedan; Zhou, Shiqi; Dolan, Melissa; Shi, Yuhao; Wang, Jianxin; Quinn, Breandan; Jahagirdar, Dushyant; Huang, Wei-Chiao; Tsuji, Moriya; Pili, Roberto; Ito, Fumito; Ortega, Joaquin; Abrams, Scott I; Ebos, John M L; Lovell, Jonathan F · Preclinical Animal Study
Retrospective data suggest GLP-1RAs are safe in PTDM with no major concerns, particularly suitable for obese transplant recipients. SGLT2is show moderate to low antihyperglycemic efficacy depending on kidney function. Collaborative trials across transplant disciplines are needed.
Hecking, Manfred; Sharif, Adnan; Eller, Kathrin; Jenssen, Trond · Review
Bio-inspired short peptide hydrogels demonstrated versatile encapsulation of diverse bioactive molecules with controlled release properties, applicable to drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Hiew, Shu Hui; Wang, Jun Kit; Koh, Kenrick; Yang, Haibo; Bacha, Abbas; Lin, Junquan; Yip, Yun Sheng; Vos, Marcus Ivan Gerard; Chen, Liyan; Sobota, Radoslaw M; Tan, Nguan Soon; Tay, Chor Yong; Miserez, Ali · In Vitro Study
GLP-2 analogues increased intestinal length by day 7 (p=0.005), maintained (teduglutide) or further increased (apraglutide) at day 14 after cessation (p<0.001). Mucosal adaptation (villus hyperplasia) was not durable after treatment cessation.
Hinchliffe, Tierah; Pauline, Mirielle L; Wizzard, Pamela R; Nation, Patrick N; Brubaker, Patricia; Campbell, Jhenielle R; Kim, Yunji; Dimitriadou, Violetta; Wales, Paul W; Turner, Justine M · Preclinical Animal Study
ACPP-resiquimod conjugate achieved >1,000-fold greater tumor tissue concentration than surrounding normal tissue after systemic delivery. Therapeutic efficacy matched localized free resiquimod in syngeneic murine tumors. Dual enzymatic activation: MMP-2/9 cleavage + cathepsin B release.
Hingorani, Dina V; Camargo, Maria F; Quraishi, Maryam A; Adams, Stephen R; Advani, Sunil J · Preclinical Animal Study
A heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy — combining a peptide-based vaccine (KISIMA-TAA) with a viral vector boost (VSV-GP-TAA) — generated potent antitumor immunity in two distinct mouse tumor models. In the cold TC-1 tumor model (HPV-associated), the combination turned immune-excluded tumors into hot, inflamed tumors by recruiting cross-presenting dendritic cells, increasing functional antigen-specific CD8+ killer T-cells, and polarizing CD4+ T-cells toward an antitumor Th1 phenotype. In the already immune-infiltrated MC-38 model, the combination markedly prolonged overall survival. Multi-epitope vaccines induced high frequencies of T-cells targeting multiple tumor antigens simultaneously. The treatment also reduced immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells in tumors.
Hofer, Tamara; Rossi, Matteo; Carboni, Susanna; Di Berardino Besson, Wilma; von Laer, Dorothee; Wollmann, Guido; Derouazi, Madiha; Santiago-Raber, Marie-Laure · Animal