Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
CDC25B and COX2 peptide vaccines consistently prevented colon cancer across three mouse models: transplanted tumor, AOM-induced, and APC Min genetic models, with 50% tumor-free rates in the AOM prevention setting.
Corulli, Lauren R; Cecil, Denise L; Gad, Ekram; Koehnlein, Marlese; Coveler, Andrew L; Childs, Jennifer S; Lubet, Ronald A; Disis, Mary L · Animal
Venom-derived peptides from diverse species (bees, cone snails, sea anemones, scorpions, snakes, spiders) show potential for glycemic control, building on the proven success of exendin-4/exenatide.
Coulter-Parkhill, Aimee; McClean, Stephen; Gault, Victor A; Irwin, Nigel · Review
Combining GLP-1 RA and DPP-4 inhibitor provides only a small incremental reduction in HbA1c and weight loss, with the benefit unlikely to offset potential pancreatitis risk and additional cost.
Cowart, Kevin; Updike, Wendy H; Lloyd, Andie; Bullers, Krystal · Systematic Review
Postprandial gut peptide hormones may not play a dominant role in normal appetite regulation in healthy individuals; their impact may be more significant in GI disease states where levels become supraphysiological.
Crooks, Benjamin; Stamataki, Nikoleta S; McLaughlin, John T · Review
Both endogenous and exogenous thymosin β4 activate hair follicle cycling, promote stem cell migration and differentiation, and increase hair growth rate in animal models.
Dai, Bai; Sha, Ri-Na; Yuan, Jian-Long; Liu, Dong-Jun · Review
Intranasal oxytocin (16-40 IU/day for 3 months) improved social behavior and stabilized eating behavior in boys with PWS and in children with the deletion genotype, with no overall group effects.
Damen, Layla; Grootjen, Lionne N; Juriaans, Alicia F; Donze, Stephany H; Huisman, T Martin; Visser, Jenny A; Delhanty, Patric J D; Hokken-Koelega, Anita C S · Rct
CGRP inhibitors reduced AOPP (oxidative stress biomarker) over 6 months alongside 70% responder rates and significant improvements in disability, allodynia, fatigue, anxiety, and sleep quality in resistant migraineurs.
De Luca, Ciro; Baldacci, Filippo; Mazzucchi, Sonia; Lombardo, Irene; Curto, Letizia; Ulivi, Martina; Chico, Lucia; Papa, Michele; Siciliano, Gabriele; Gori, Sara · Observational
PBM at 660nm and 808nm reversed dentin hypersensitivity by reducing substance P in the dentin-pulp complex and trigeminal ganglia, suppressing glial activation (GFAP), and increasing osteopontin expression for tissue repair.
de Oliveira, Victhor Teixeira; Ferrara-Jr, João Ignácio; Matielo, Heloísa Alonso; da Silva Alves, Adilson; Britto, Luiz Roberto; Aranha, Ana Cecilia Corrêa; Dale, Camila Squarzoni · Animal
BPC 157's demonstrated eNOS activation, NO-mediated tissue repair, and angiomodulatory properties in animal models provide a theoretical basis for its use as a complementary treatment for COVID-19's endothelial and multi-organ damage.
Deek, Sarah A · Hypothesis
F4 peptide from P32 protein delivered via CpG-adjuvanted PBMCs or DCs induced protective immune responses with smaller tumors and prolonged survival in a mouse breast cancer model, with PBMCs offering a simpler alternative to DCs.
Dehghan-Manshadi, Mahdi; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Hadinedoushan, Hossein; Zare, Fateme; Sankian, Mojtaba; Fesahat, Farzaneh; Rafatpanah, Houshang · Animal
Cathelicidin LL37 activates mTORC1 via TLR2, and mTORC1 increases cathelicidin expression, creating a positive feedback loop driving rosacea. Topical rapamycin broke this cycle and improved patient symptoms.
Deng, Zhili; Chen, Mengting; Liu, Yingzi; Xu, San; Ouyang, Yuyan; Shi, Wei; Jian, Dan; Wang, Ben; Liu, Fangfen; Li, Jinmao; Shi, Qian; Peng, Qinqin; Sha, Ke; Xiao, Wenqin; Liu, Tangxiele; Zhang, Yiya; Zhang, Hongbing; Wang, Qian; Sun, Lunquan; Xie, Hongfu; Li, Ji · Animal + Human Observational
Resilient female rats had higher Y2R mRNA expression in the central amygdala and higher NPY protein levels in the BNST compared to vulnerable and control rats after traumatic stress exposure.
Denny, Ray R; Connelly, Krista L; Ghilotti, Marco G; Meissler, Joseph J; Yu, Daohai; Eisenstein, Toby K; Unterwald, Ellen M · Animal
CPPs can effectively assist nanotherapeutics in crossing cell membranes, with demonstrated applications in cancer therapy, tumor imaging, atherosclerosis evaluation, thrombin detection, and HIV therapy.
Desale, Kalyani; Kuche, Kaushik; Jain, Sanyog · Review
GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate potential antidepressant effects through multiple mechanisms: neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory action, stress response modulation, brain energy metabolism improvement, and gut-brain axis stabilization.
Detka, Jan; Głombik, Katarzyna · Review
Intranasal delivery of insulin and glucagon-like peptides demonstrates improved therapeutic levels and patient compliance, with drugs transported through epithelial tight junctions via the paracellular route.
Dholakia, Jheel; Prabhakar, Bala; Shende, Pravin · Review
Fmoc-K3 hexapeptide hydrogel achieved a storage modulus of 2,526 Pa and fully supported cell adhesion, survival, and duplication, demonstrating potential as a tissue engineering scaffold.
Diaferia, Carlo; Rosa, Elisabetta; Gallo, Enrico; Smaldone, Giovanni; Stornaiuolo, Mariano; Morelli, Giancarlo; Accardo, Antonella · In Vitro
A 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention significantly increased MOTS-c levels in non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors, with post-exercise MOTS-c associated with reductions in fat mass, body weight, HOMA-IR, and CRP, and increased lean mass (p < 0.01).
Dieli-Conwright, Christina M; Sami, Nathalie; Norris, Mary K; Wan, Junxiang; Kumagai, Hiroshi; Kim, Su-Jeong; Cohen, Pinchas · Randomized Controlled Trial (Secondary Analysis)
Peptide vector P-02 (SP-PEG4-K(C18)-(LLHH)3-R9) achieved 36% higher transfection in glioma U87 cells versus normal 293T cells, with NK1 receptor-mediated targeting confirmed. The vector crossed a BBB model in vitro and achieved gene expression in zebrafish brain.
Ding, Guihua; Wang, Taoran; Han, Zhenbin; Tian, Long; Cheng, Qin; Luo, Longlong; Zhao, Baoquan; Wang, Chenhong; Feng, Siliang; Wang, Lianshuai; Meng, Zhao; Meng, Qingbin · In Vitro + Animal (Zebrafish)
SS-31 peptide targets mitochondria directly, inhibiting oxidative stress and restoring mitochondrial function with greater therapeutic potential than traditional antioxidants like vitamin E in models of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
Ding, Xiao-Wen; Robinson, Megan; Li, Rongzi; Aldhowayan, Hadeel; Geetha, Thangiah; Babu, Jeganathan Ramesh · Review
In 12 advanced lung cancer patients, personalized neoantigen DC vaccine achieved 25% objective response rate, 75% disease control rate, 5.5-month median progression-free survival, and 7.9-month median overall survival with only grade 1-2 adverse events.
Ding, Zhenyu; Li, Qing; Zhang, Rui; Xie, Li; Shu, Yang; Gao, Song; Wang, Peipei; Su, Xiaoqing; Qin, Yun; Wang, Yuelan; Fang, Juemin; Zhu, Zhongzheng; Xia, Xuyang; Wei, Guochao; Wang, Hui; Qian, Hong; Guo, Xianling; Gao, Zhibo; Wang, Yu; Wei, Yuquan; Xu, Qing; Xu, Heng; Yang, Li · Clinical Trial (Pilot, Single Arm)
CRAMP-deficient mice developed robust skin papillomas after papillomavirus infection while wild-type mice did not. Protection was primarily immune-mediated: CRAMP-deficient mice showed reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and lacked virus-specific neutralizing antibodies.
Dorfer, Sonja; Strasser, Katharina; Reipert, Siegfried; Fischer, Michael B; Shafti-Keramat, Saeed; Bonelli, Michael; Schröckenfuchs, Georg; Bauer, Wolfgang; Kancz, Stefanie; Müller, Lena; Handisurya, Alessandra · Animal
From 171 reviewed studies, arthropod-derived peptides from 9 animal groups demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, primarily by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo, with some also exhibiting anticancer properties.
Dos Santos, Ariane Teixeira; Cruz, Gabriela Silva; Baptista, Gandhi Rádis · Systematic Review
Selank and phenibut are poorly studied GABAergic drugs sold as US dietary supplements. Phenibut poison control calls have increased substantially, and both carry risks of dependence, withdrawal, and serious adverse effects when misused.
Doyno, Cassandra R; White, C Michael · Review
Sotagliflozin ranked first for MACE (HR 0.76), heart failure hospitalization (HR 0.59), MI (HR 0.65), and stroke (HR 0.56). Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin led for kidney protection. Oral semaglutide and empagliflozin were best for all-cause death reduction.
Duan, Xue-Yan; Liu, Shu-Yan; Yin, Dao-Gen · Network Meta Analysis
Spine facet osteoarthritis increased substance P, CGRP, PAR2, and CaMKII in neurosegmentally linked rectus femoris muscle but not in unlinked biceps brachii, with pain sensitization (allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia) at 7, 14, and 21 days post-surgery.
Duarte, Felipe C K; Hurtig, Mark; Clark, Andrea; Brown, Stephen; Simpson, Jeremy; Srbely, John · Animal
Tirzepatide reduced HbA1c by an additional 0.75%, weight by 8.63 kg, BMI by 1.80 kg/m², and waist circumference by 4.43 cm versus active comparators. Odds of >15% weight loss were 32.8 times higher with tirzepatide.
Dutta, Deep; Surana, Vineet; Singla, Rajiv; Aggarwal, Sameer; Sharma, Meha · Meta Analysis
PLGA nanoparticles co-delivering three NY-ESO-1 peptide sequences and IMM60 iNKT cell agonist enhanced CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and antibody levels in vivo, with negligible systemic toxicity and GMP-compatible production.
Dölen, Yusuf; Gileadi, Uzi; Chen, Ji-Li; Valente, Michael; Creemers, Jeroen H A; Van Dinther, Eric A W; van Riessen, N Koen; Jäger, Eliezer; Hruby, Martin; Cerundolo, Vincenzo; Diken, Mustafa; Figdor, Carl G; de Vries, I Jolanda M · Preclinical (In Vitro + Animal)
Among 1.18 million commercially insured US patients with type 2 diabetes, only 7.7% received a GLP-1 receptor agonist between 2015 and 2019. Use increased over that period (3.2% to 10.7%), but significant racial and economic disparities persisted. Black patients were 19% less likely to receive a GLP-1 RA (aOR 0.81), Asian patients were 41% less likely (aOR 0.59), and Hispanic patients were 9% less likely (aOR 0.91) compared to White patients. Higher household income was associated with greater GLP-1 RA use — patients from zip codes with incomes over $100,000 were 13% more likely to receive these drugs than those from areas with incomes below $50,000. Even among patients with established cardiovascular disease — the group most likely to benefit from GLP-1 RAs based on clinical trial evidence — use remained low (2.8% to 9.4%) with similar racial and income disparities.
Eberly, Lauren A; Yang, Lin; Essien, Utibe R; Eneanya, Nwamaka D; Julien, Howard M; Luo, Jing; Nathan, Ashwin S; Khatana, Sameed Ahmed M; Dayoub, Elias J; Fanaroff, Alexander C; Giri, Jay; Groeneveld, Peter W; Adusumalli, Srinath · Retrospective Cohort Study
Substance P release from stimulated dura mater, trigeminal ganglion neurons, and fibers was comparatively minor compared to CGRP release, explaining the clinical failure of NK1R antagonists for migraine while validating CGRP as the primary target.
Edvinsson, Jacob Ca; Reducha, Philip V; Sheykhzade, Majid; Warfvinge, Karin; Haanes, Kristian A; Edvinsson, Lars · Animal (In Vitro + Immunohistochemistry)
Multiple scorpion venom peptides have demonstrated antiviral activity against several viral families, with potential biomedical applications against HIV, hepatitis, and coronaviruses.
El Hidan, Moulay Abdelmonaim; Laaradia, Mehdi Ait; El Hiba, Omar; Draoui, Ahmed; Aimrane, Abdelmohcine; Kahime, Kholoud · Review
Four lactoferricin peptides (bovine, human, camel, and synthetic consensus) showed antibacterial activity at MIC values of 1.25-10 μg/mL against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, and MRSA. Camel and consensus peptides were most potent.
El-Baky, Nawal Abd; Elkhawaga, Maie Ahmed; Abdelkhalek, Eman Shawky; Sharaf, Mona Mohammed; Redwan, Elrashdy Mustafa; Kholef, Hoda Reda · In Vitro
Nine AMP families (melittin, cecropin, cathelicidin, defensin, magainin, temporin, dermaseptin, eumenitin, histatin) demonstrate anti-leishmanial activity through direct lysis and immune modulation, offering alternatives to drug-resistant conventional treatments.
El-Dirany, Rima; Shahrour, Hawraa; Dirany, Zeinab; Abdel-Sater, Fadi; Gonzalez-Gaitano, Gustavo; Brandenburg, Klaus; Martinez de Tejada, Guillermo; Nguewa, Paul A · Review
Seven of nine donors developed HA-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses up to 1.5% of total CD8+ repertoire after DNA-MVA prime-boost vaccination, with strong cytotoxic activity and responses detectable at 12 months.
Eldershaw, Suzy A; Pearce, Hayden; Inman, Charlotte F; Piper, Karen P; Abbotts, Ben; Stephens, Christine; Nicol, Samantha; Croft, Wayne; Powell, Richard; Begum, Jusnara; Taylor, Graham; Nunnick, Jane; Walsh, Donna; Sirovica, Mirjana; Saddique, Shamyla; Nagra, Sandeep; Ferguson, Paul; Moss, Paul; Malladi, Ram · Clinical Trial (Phase I)
Combination therapy using PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel, human neural progenitor cells, and nano-curcumin within a hyaluronic acid scaffold significantly increased neuro-preservation (βIII-tubulin staining) and decreased injured area (GFAP staining) after traumatic spinal cord contusion in rats.
Elkhenany, Hoda; Bonilla, Pablo; Giraldo, Esther; Alastrue Agudo, Ana; Edel, Michael J; Vicent, María Jesus; Roca, Fernando Gisbert; Ramos, Cristina Martínez; Doblado, Laura Rodríguez; Pradas, Manuel Monleón; Manzano, Victoria Moreno · Animal
VIVIT-GFP overexpression successfully inhibited NFAT signaling in glioma cells, but neither Sim2-VIVIT nor 11R-VIVIT cell-penetrating peptide conjugates could reproduce this effect, indicating CPP delivery is insufficient for NFATc3-expressing gliomas.
Ellert-Miklaszewska, Aleksandra; Szymczyk, Agata; Poleszak, Katarzyna; Kaminska, Bozena · In Vitro
Cagrilintide 2.4 mg plus semaglutide 2.4 mg achieved 17.1% body weight reduction at 20 weeks, with an estimated treatment difference of -7.4% versus semaglutide plus placebo (95% CI -11.2 to -3.5). No pharmacokinetic interactions between the drugs.
Enebo, Lone B; Berthelsen, Kasper K; Kankam, Martin; Lund, Michael T; Rubino, Domenica M; Satylganova, Altynai; Lau, David C W · Randomized Controlled Trial (Phase 1b)
Antimicrobial peptides on the ocular surface serve multiple functions including microbial defense, wound healing, and immune modulation, and their homeostasis is disrupted in dry eye disease states.
Eshac, Youssof; Redfern, Rachel L; Aakalu, Vinay Kumar · Review
Substance P and NK1R upregulate cell proliferation, cell migration, and chronic inflammation in head and neck cancers, playing a role in the transition from chronic mucosal inflammation to neoplastic transformation and progression.
Esteban, Francisco; Ramos-García, Pablo; Muñoz, Miguel; González-Moles, Miguel Ángel · Review
Maternal TB4 treatment (6 mg/kg on days E14 and E17) increased newborn cranio-caudal length and accelerated development of lungs, heart, kidneys, cerebral cortex, and notochord compared to control newborns.
Faa, G; Piras, M; Mancuso, L; Coni, P; Pichiri, G; Orrù, G; Fanni, D; Gerosa, C; Cao, G; Taibi, R; Pavone, P; Castagnola, M · Animal
Salivary HBD-3 was inversely correlated with anemia (r=-0.479, p=0.002). Children with caries and anemia had the lowest HBD-3 levels (6.94 μg/L) versus caries without anemia (10.80 μg/L, p=0.001), suggesting anemia impairs innate antimicrobial peptide defense.
Faheem, Sanam; Maqsood, Shahida; Hasan, Arshad; Imtiaz, Fouzia; Shaikh, Faheem; Farooqui, Waqas Ahmed · Case Control
GLP-1RA use was only 4.3-4.9% and SGLT2i use 9.8-13.8% in UK T2DM patients by December 2019, with paradoxically lower use in patients with CVD history who would benefit most. Insulin use was 16% in CVD patients despite no cardiovascular evidence.
Farmer, Ruth E; Beard, Ivan; Raza, Syed I; Gollop, Nicholas D; Patel, Niraj; Tebboth, Abigail; McGovern, Andrew P; Kanumilli, Naresh; Ternouth, Andrew · Observational (Cross Sectional)
The authors developed epitopepredict, an open-source computational tool that integrates multiple algorithms for predicting which peptide fragments will bind to MHC molecules — a critical step in designing vaccines and immunodiagnostics. The tool provides a unified interface for running several binding prediction methods, can screen entire microbial proteomes across multiple MHC alleles, and includes a web interface for visualizing and filtering results.
Farrell, Damien · Computational Tool/Software
NK1 receptor antagonist L-733,060 made grooming chain transitions significantly more variable, simplified grooming bout structure, and increased transitions from active to inactive states — indicating substance P is critical for sequential action implementation.
Favila, Natalia; Gurney, Kevin; Overton, Paul G · Animal
SCI patients showed higher early postprandial fullness (d=0.83) and satisfaction (d=0.87), ate less at ad libitum meals (1,086 vs 1,713 kJ, d=1.00, p=0.020), but had no significant differences in GLP-1, PYY, or acylated ghrelin responses.
Fenton, Jordan M; King, James A; Hoekstra, Sven P; Willis, Scott A; Ogawa, Takahiro; Goosey-Tolfrey, Victoria L · Crossover Study
Peptide hormone biomarkers are central to NEN diagnosis, and somatostatin analogues are first-line medical therapy. NETest (measuring 51 marker genes) achieves 85-98% sensitivity and 93-97% specificity for detecting gastrointestinal NENs.
Fernandez, Cornelius J; Agarwal, Mayuri; Pottakkat, Biju; Haroon, Nisha Nigil; George, Annu Susan; Pappachan, Joseph M · Review
A mussel foot protein-5 derived peptide has cryptic antibacterial activity. The resulting MIKA2 hydrogel kills drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria via dual mechanisms (membrane disruption + H₂O₂ production) and inhibited titanium implant colonization in mice.
Fichman, Galit; Andrews, Caroline; Patel, Nimit L; Schneider, Joel P · In Vitro + Animal
Cathelicidin was ~3x and HBD-2 was >6x higher in BCC patients (p<0.001). Cathelicidin >1,500 pg/mL: OR 9.9 for BCC. HBD-2 >1.2 ng/mL: OR 12.6 for BCC (p<0.001). Both showed high specificity for detecting BCC.
Fijałkowska, Marta; Kowalski, Marek; Koziej, Mateusz; Antoszewski, Bogusław · Case Control
Sierra fish enzyme-derived squid collagen hydrolysates achieved 82.28% ACE inhibition and 64% ABTS antioxidant activity, with 15.2% of peptides below 3 kDa versus 7.9% from squid enzyme hydrolysates.
Fimbres-Romero, Manuel de J; Cabrera-Chávez, Francisco; Ezquerra-Brauer, Josafat M; Márquez-Ríos, Enrique; Suárez-Jiménez, Guadalupe M; Del Toro-Sanchez, Carmen L; Ramírez-Torres, Giovanni Isaí; Torres-Arreola, Wilfrido · In Vitro
Fmoc-DIKVAV and Fmoc-FRGDF peptides combined with agarose form hybrid hydrogels with tunable structural morphology and reinforced mechanical properties at mid-range agarose concentrations, providing tissue-specific biomaterial design capability.
Firipis, Kate; Boyd-Moss, Mitchell; Long, Benjamin; Dekiwadia, Chaitali; Hoskin, William; Pirogova, Elena; Nisbet, David R; Kapsa, Robert M I; Quigley, Anita F; Williams, Richard J · In Vitro (Materials Science)
AM833 (cagrilintide) is a nonselective agonist with a unique pharmacological profile across 25 endpoints of receptor binding, activation, and regulation compared to 5 other selective and nonselective AMYR/CTR agonists including pramlintide and salmon calcitonin.
Fletcher, Madeleine M; Keov, Peter; Truong, Tin T; Mennen, Grace; Hick, Caroline A; Zhao, Peishen; Furness, Sebastian G B; Kruse, Thomas; Clausen, Trine R; Wootten, Denise; Sexton, Patrick M · In Vitro (Pharmacology)