3D-Printed Bone Scaffold with Controlled PTH Peptide Release Promotes Bone and Blood Vessel Growth

PM@GS/PCL scaffold achieved 17.81 ± 0.83 MPa compressive strength, promoted MSC osteogenic differentiation (alizarin red and ALP staining), enhanced HUVEC migration and tube formation, and improved bone repair and vascularization in a rat femoral defect model.

3D-printed PCL scaffold with GelMA/SFMA hydrogel interior containing PTH peptide-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Characterized physically and chemically. In vitro: compression testing, HUVEC angiogenesis assays (Transwell, tube formation), MSC osteogenic differentiation (alizarin red, ALP). In vivo: rat femoral defect model evaluated by micro-CT and histology.

Large load-bearing bone defects (from trauma, tumor removal, or degeneration) remain one of orthopedics' biggest challenges. A scaffold that combines mechanical strength, controlled peptide release, and dual promotion of bone and blood vessel growth addresses all the key requirements for successful repair.

Bone tissue engineering is evolving from simple scaffolds to sophisticated, biologically active constructs. Combining 3D printing precision with controlled peptide release and multi-material design (PCL for strength, hydrogel for biology) represents the next generation of bone repair technology that could reduce the need for autografts.

Rat femoral defect model doesn't fully replicate the mechanical demands and healing challenges of large human bone defects. Long-term PTH release kinetics and scaffold degradation behavior need longer-term assessment. Manufacturing complexity may limit clinical translation.