Browse more peptide research, methods and limitations.
GALA3 enhanced the cytotoxicity of BLF1-HBP fusion protein by at least 20-fold across H460, HeLa, A549, and SMCC-7721 cancer cell lines via pH-dependent endosomal escape.
Li, Chen; Cao, Xue-Wei; Zhao, Jian; Wang, Fu-Jun · In Vitro
Substance P regulates bone and cartilage metabolism through autocrine/paracrine signaling, promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, matrix synthesis, and fracture healing.
Li, Fu-Xing-Zi; Xu, Feng; Lin, Xiao; Wu, Feng; Zhong, Jia-Yu; Wang, Yi; Guo, Bei; Zheng, Ming-Hui; Shan, Su-Kang; Yuan, Ling-Qing · Review
Dulaglutide protected chondrocytes from AGE-induced cartilage matrix degradation by reducing MMP-3/13, ADAMTS-4/5, inflammatory cytokines, and ROS via NF-κB pathway inhibition.
Li, Hai; Chen, Jianhai; Li, Biao; Fang, Xiaoyan · In Vitro
FA-VP5-LNPs achieved 30.71-fold higher oral bioavailability (AUC0-72h) than free VP5 peptide and sustained antihypertensive effects for 6 days.
Li, Jinhua; Chen, Bin; Yu, Ting; Guo, Mengran; Zhao, Shengnan; Zhang, Yi; Jin, Chaohui; Peng, Xingchen; Zeng, Jun; Yang, Jian; Song, Xiangrong · Animal Study
IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in synovial fluid correlated with pain in early knee OA, but CGRP, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and matrix enzymes (MMP-3/13) did not correlate with pain scores.
Li, Li; Li, Zhenxing; Li, Yuyan; Hu, Xi; Zhang, Yu; Fan, Pei · Human Observational
Cationic oligoproline Z8 binds InsP6 with high affinity, undergoes a PPII-helix-to-aggregate conformational change, and delivers InsP6 to the nucleus more effectively than octaarginine.
Li, Mao; Puschmann, Robert; Herdlitschka, Andreas; Fiedler, Dorothea; Wennemers, Helma · In Vitro
P-D-R8MTS completely prevented lung metastasis in 4T1-bearing mice while inhibiting tumor growth, by delivering doxorubicin to mitochondria and downregulating MMP-2, VEGF, and TGF-β.
Li, Qiuyi; Yang, Jiatao; Chen, Cheng; Lin, Xi; Zhou, Minglu; Zhou, Zhou; Huang, Yuan · Animal Study
Hydrocarbon-stapled Tat peptides showed correlated improvements in helicity, hydrophobicity, heparan sulfate binding, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and proteolytic stability with low cytotoxicity.
Li, Shu; Zhang, Xingjiao; Guo, Chen; Peng, Yali; Liu, Xiaojing; Wang, Bo; Zhuang, Ran; Chang, Min; Wang, Rui · In Vitro
Stapled peptide design should consider anchoring residue type, cross-linker chemistry, staple length, and staple position — each significantly affects helicity, stability, cell permeability, and target binding.
Li, Xiang; Chen, Si; Zhang, Wei-Dong; Hu, Hong-Gang · Review
Triagonist (GLP-1/GIP/Gcg agonist) fully mitigated mTBI-induced visual and spatial memory deficits at 7 and 30 days post-injury via balanced activation of all three receptors.
Li, Yazhou; Glotfelty, Elliot J; Namdar, Inbar; Tweedie, David; Olson, Lars; Hoffer, Barry J; DiMarchi, Richard D; Pick, Chagi G; Greig, Nigel H · Animal Study
Peptides GPR, GPRG, and GPRGP from fish collagen resisted GI digestion, were absorbed by Caco-2 cells, and inhibited platelet aggregation (IC50: 0.160-0.917 mg/ml) without bleeding risk.
Li, Yuqi; Wang, Bo; Li, Bo · In Vitro
Vitamin A deficiency downregulated intestinal antimicrobial peptides (β-defensin, hepcidin, epinecidin) and tight junction proteins while upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in grouper.
Liang, Dazhi; Yang, Qihui; Tan, Beiping; Dong, Xiaohui; Chi, Shuyan; Liu, Hongyu; Zhang, Shuang · Animal Study
GHRH-R specifically activates JAK2/STAT3 signaling in ocular inflammation; both the GHRH-R antagonist MIA-602 and JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced acute uveitis.
Liang, Wei Cheng; Ren, Jia Lin; Yu, Qiu Xiao; Li, Jian; Ng, Tsz Kin; Chu, Wai Kit; Qin, Yong Jie; Chu, Kai On; Schally, Andrew V; Pang, Chi Pui; Chan, Sun On · Animal Study
AMPs demonstrate context-dependent dual roles in autoimmunity — pro-inflammatory in some diseases (driving autoimmune pathology) and anti-inflammatory in others (providing protection).
Liang, Wenjie; Diana, Julien · Review
FDHIVY peptide from tilapia bone collagen enhanced intestinal calcium transport by 202% in Caco-2 cells within 30 minutes via calcium chelation.
Liao, Wanwen; Chen, Hui; Jin, Wengang; Yang, Zhennai; Cao, Yong; Miao, Jianyin · In Vitro
Low-dose sevoflurane upregulated TRPV1 and airway neuropeptides (CGRP, SP, NKA, NKB) in developing rats but not in mature rats, with effects blocked by TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine.
Liu, Dexing; Yuan, Jie; Fei, Xia; Zhu, Yuhang; Zhou, Yannan; Zhang, Chao; Dong, Liang; Zhu, Zhaoqiong · Animal Study
CPP uptake efficiency is highly dependent on experimental methodology; a single assay can be misleading, and orthogonal assay approaches are necessary for reliable evaluation.
Liu, Jinsha; Afshar, Sepideh · Review
Sensory neurons from dry eye mice promoted vascular endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation via substance P signaling; blocking SP with spantide I prevented corneal neovascularization.
Liu, Lingjia; Dana, Reza; Yin, Jia · Animal
ATP synthase inactivation sensitized S. aureus to killing by hBD2, hBD4, LL-37, and histatin 5; resveratrol (an ATP synthase inhibitor) reproduced this sensitization.
Liu, Liping; Beck, Christian; Nøhr-Meldgaard, Katrine; Peschel, Andreas; Kretschmer, Dorothee; Ingmer, Hanne; Vestergaard, Martin · In Vitro
Ras/ERK signaling activates defensin C in Aedes mosquitoes to restrict DENV infection; ERK knockdown (but not JNK or p38) significantly enhanced viral replication.
Liu, Wen-Quan; Chen, Si-Qi; Bai, Hao-Qiang; Wei, Qi-Mei; Zhang, Sheng-Nan; Chen, Chen; Zhu, Yi-Han; Yi, Tang-Wei; Guo, Xiao-Pu; Chen, Si-Yuan; Yin, Meng-Jie; Sun, Chen-Feng; Liang, Shao-Hui · In Vitro
PS128 reversed 5-HTP-induced visceral hypersensitivity and normalized substance P, CGRP, BDNF, and NGF distribution between dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.
Liu, Yen-Wenn; Wang, Yen-Po; Yen, Hsu-Fang; Liu, Pei-Yi; Tzeng, Wen-Jian; Tsai, Chia-Fen; Lin, Han-Chieh; Lee, Fa-Yauh; Jeng, One-Jang; Lu, Ching-Liang; Tsai, Ying-Chieh · Animal
Tα1 reduced severe COVID-19 mortality from 30% to 11.1% (P=.044), restored CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, and reversed T cell exhaustion markers (PD-1, Tim-3).
Liu, Yueping; Pan, Yue; Hu, Zhenhong; Wu, Ming; Wang, Chenhui; Feng, Zeqing; Mao, Congzheng; Tan, Yingjun; Liu, Ying; Chen, Li; Li, Min; Wang, Gang; Yuan, Zilin; Diao, Bo; Wu, Yuzhang; Chen, Yongwen · Retrospective
Single 100 mg/kg dose of analytical-grade STZ induced complete diabetes in cynomolgus monkeys with destroyed beta cells and <0.5 ng/mL stimulated C-peptide, without organ toxicity.
Liu, Zhengzhao; Lu, Ying; Hu, Wenbao; Hara, Hidetaka; Dai, Yifan; Cai, Zhiming; Mou, Lisha · Animal
Triple-peptide pH-responsive nanoparticles co-delivering irinotecan and miR-200 outperformed Onivyde in a head and neck cancer mouse model by simultaneously targeting EMT, MDR, and Wnt pathways.
Lo, Yu-Li; Chang, Chih-Hsien; Wang, Chen-Shen; Yang, Muh-Hwa; Lin, Anya Maan-Yuh; Hong, Ci-Jheng; Tseng, Wei-Hsuan · Animal
Serum substance P was significantly elevated in CRC patients (P=0.001) and tumor tissues overexpressed NK-1R compared to adjacent normal tissue (P=0.01).
Lorestani, Shima; Ghahremanloo, Atefeh; Jangjoo, Ali; Abedi, Maedeh; Hashemy, Seyed Isaac · Observational
CAMP transgenic mice showed increased Salmonella resistance, restored wound healing in Camp-KO skin, and topical vitamin D induced LL-37 expression with enhanced S. aureus killing in wounds.
Lowry, Malcolm B; Guo, Chunxiao; Zhang, Yang; Fantacone, Mary L; Logan, Isabelle E; Campbell, Yan; Zhang, Weijian; Le, Mai; Indra, Arup K; Ganguli-Indra, Gitali; Xie, Jingwei; Gallo, Richard L; Koeffler, H Phillip; Gombart, Adrian F · Animal
Intranuclear precursors of thymic peptides are ubiquitous in somatic cells and may function as stress sensors, releasing immunologically active peptides as cellular distress signals.
Lunin, Sergey; Khrenov, Maxim; Glushkova, Olga; Parfenyuk, Svetlana; Novoselova, Tatyana; Novoselova, E · Review
Gardeniae fructus induced significantly greater GLP-1 secretion than EGCG; molecular docking identified 3-epioleanolic acid and crocin as potential GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Luo, Shiqi; Gill, Harsharn; Feltis, Bryce; Hung, Andrew; Nguyen, Linh Toan; Lenon, George Binh · In Vitro
Excess dsDNA fragments triggered psoriasis-like keratinocyte changes; vitamin D blocked this via cathelicidin (CAMP), which was required for the anti-inflammatory effect.
Luo, Y; Hara, T; Kawashima, A; Ishido, Y; Suzuki, S; Ishii, N; Kambara, T; Suzuki, K · In Vitro
Rpdef1α showed broad-spectrum anti-Vibrio activity, biofilm inhibition, membrane permeabilization, and enhanced hemocyte phagocytosis; knockdown increased infection mortality.
Lv, Chengjie; Han, Yijing; Yang, Dinglong; Zhao, Jianmin; Wang, Chunlin; Mu, Changkao · In Vitro
Tβ4 promoted angiogenesis in CLI mice by upregulating VEGFA, Ang2, tie2, CD31, and α-SMA via Notch/NF-κB pathway activation, and reversed the effects of pathway inhibitors.
Lv, Shumin; Cai, Hongwen; Xu, Yifei; Dai, Jin; Rong, Xiqing; Zheng, Lanzhi · Animal
SNP-7/8a self-assembled nanoparticles induced CD8 T cells against ~50% of high-affinity predicted neoantigens (179 tested) and enhanced tumor clearance in three mouse models, with immunogenicity confirmed in primates.
Lynn, Geoffrey M; Sedlik, Christine; Baharom, Faezzah; Zhu, Yaling; Ramirez-Valdez, Ramiro A; Coble, Vincent L; Tobin, Kennedy; Nichols, Sarah R; Itzkowitz, Yaakov; Zaidi, Neeha; Gammon, Joshua M; Blobel, Nicolas J; Denizeau, Jordan; de la Rochere, Philippe; Francica, Brian J; Decker, Brennan; Maciejewski, Mateusz; Cheung, Justin; Yamane, Hidehiro; Smelkinson, Margery G; Francica, Joseph R; Laga, Richard; Bernstock, Joshua D; Seymour, Leonard W; Drake, Charles G; Jewell, Christopher M; Lantz, Olivier; Piaggio, Eliane; Ishizuka, Andrew S; Seder, Robert A · Animal
Chicken β-defensins are upregulated (not downregulated) after hatching, with tissue-specific expression patterns peaking at days 3-14, suggesting essential roles in early innate defense.
Lyu, Wentao; Zhang, Long; Gong, Yujie; Wen, Xueting; Xiao, Yingping; Yang, Hua · Animal
Insulin receptors are expressed on a specific subset of sensory neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Quantitative studies revealed that visceral (organ-supplying) sensory neurons express more insulin receptors than somatic (skin/muscle) sensory neurons. InsR co-localizes with TRPV1 (a pain channel), CGRP, and substance P in these neurons. This co-expression means insulin signaling can directly modulate pain transmission and neurogenic inflammation. The functional significance includes modulation of ion channels involved in pain, regulation of neuropeptide release (CGRP and substance P), and neurotrophic effects on nerve growth, development, and regeneration. Recent studies reveal important roles for insulin in axonal growth and repair.
Lázár, Bence András; Jancsó, Gábor; Sántha, Péter · Review
LL-37, defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7 are highly expressed in psoriatic skin and bridge innate and adaptive immune responses in disease pathogenesis.
Ma, Jing-Yi; Shao, Shuai; Wang, Gang · Review
Personalized neoantigen peptide vaccines enabled by genomics and bioinformatics represent a paradigm shift from universal tumor vaccines, with checkpoint inhibitor combinations showing enhanced efficacy.
Ma, Minjun; Liu, Jingwen; Jin, Shenghang; Wang, Lan · Review
GHK-Cu inhibited pulmonary fibrosis by reducing TNF-α/IL-6, collagen deposition, and EMT progression through suppression of TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling and NF-κB, with Nrf2 pathway activation.
Ma, Wen-Hui; Li, Meng; Ma, Hai-Feng; Li, Wei; Liu, Li; Yin, Yan; Zhou, Xiao-Ming; Hou, Gang · Animal
Vaginal AMPs (defensins, LL-37, lactoferrin, SLPI, calprotectin, lysozyme, elafin) provide innate defense against STIs; some (LL-37, magainin 2, nisin) have dual spermicidal-antimicrobial activity.
Madanchi, H; Shoushtari, M; Kashani, H H; Sardari, S · Review
Truncated rCap18 showed superior antimicrobial activity with lower cytotoxicity; truncated hCap18 had better LPS-binding ability; both non-toxic to human fibroblasts at MIC.
Madanchi, Hamid; Ebrahimi Kiasari, Ramin; Seyed Mousavi, Seyed Javad; Johari, Behrooz; Shabani, Ali Akbar; Sardari, Soroush · In Vitro
LCD+INT suppressed post-prandial acylated ghrelin (P=0.04) and attenuated fasting hunger (P=0.05) compared to energy-matched LCD alone in women with obesity.
Malin, Steven K; Heiston, Emily M; Gilbertson, Nicole M; Eichner, Natalie Z M · Rct
Giardia co-infection reduced E. coli-induced colitis via NLRP3-dependent activation of β-defensin 3 and TFF3 antimicrobial peptides; protection was abolished in NLRP3-KO mice.
Manko-Prykhoda, Anna; Allain, Thibault; Motta, Jean-Paul; Cotton, James A; Feener, Troy; Oyeyemi, Ayodele; Bindra, Sunint; Vallance, Bruce A; Wallace, John L; Beck, Paul; Buret, Andre G · Animal
GLP-1 receptor agonists reduced 3-point MACE by 12% (HR 0.88), stroke by 16%, CV death by 12%, all-cause mortality by 11%, and HF hospitalization by 8% across 56,004 patients — with no significant difference between those with or without established CVD.
Marsico, Fabio; Paolillo, Stefania; Gargiulo, Paola; Bruzzese, Dario; Dell'Aversana, Simona; Esposito, Immacolata; Renga, Francesco; Esposito, Luca; Marciano, Caterina; Dellegrottaglie, Santo; Iesu, Ivana; Perrone Filardi, Pasquale · Meta Analysis
Aromatic capping groups beyond Fmoc enable self-assembling peptide materials with added functions: redox responsiveness, fluorescence, and controlled drug delivery.
Martin, Adam D; Thordarson, Pall · Review
Fasting βHB negatively correlated with ghrelin changes (P=0.003) and positively with GLP-1 (P=0.025) and CCK (P=0.035) after 17.7 kg weight loss, but not with subjective appetite.
Martins, Catia; Nymo, Siren; Truby, Helen; Rehfeld, Jens F; Hunter, Gary R; Gower, Barbara A · Observational
Aprepitant potently reduced cancer cell proliferation but was not selective (equally toxic to normal cells); the peptide NK-1 antagonist showed minimal anticancer activity even at 100 µM.
Matalińska, Joanna; Świć, Agnieszka; Lipiński, Piotr; Misicka, Aleksandra · In Vitro
Single-dose intranasal NPY (6.8 mg) reduced MADRS by 10.3 points at 24h vs 5.6 for placebo (P=0.04, d=0.67) in MDD patients; effect not significant at 48h.
Mathé, Aleksander A; Michaneck, Miranda; Berg, Elisabeth; Charney, Dennis S; Murrough, James W · Rct
AJICAP conjugation occurs specifically at Lys248 in the Fc region, confirmed by MS/MS and peptide mapping with >93% sequence coverage.
Matsuda, Yutaka; Malinao, Maria-Christina; Robles, Veronica; Song, James; Yamada, Kei; Mendelsohn, Brian A · In Vitro
5-ALA and intranasal OXT both rescued ASD-like behaviors, but only 5-ALA corrected hippocampal oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction; both restored parvalbumin interneuron numbers.
Matsuo, Kazuya; Yabuki, Yasushi; Fukunaga, Kohji · Animal
Bremelanotide significantly improved desire and reduced HSDD-related distress in Phase 2/3 trials, with nausea (39.9%), flushing (20.4%), and headache (11%) as main side effects.
Mayer, Danielle; Lynch, Sarah E · Review
Pn3a inhibits ~55% of DRG HVA calcium currents and 60-80% of Cav1.2/1.3/2.1/2.2 channels; shows additive inhibition with sub-therapeutic opioids on shared calcium channel targets.
McArthur, Jeffrey R; Munasinghe, Nehan R; Finol-Urdaneta, Rocio K; Adams, David J; Christie, Macdonald J · In Vitro