RPEP-12877 · 2025The review consolidates evidence showing GLP-1 receptor agonists activate multiple neuroprotective signaling pathways relevant to Parkinson's disease: PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, cAMP/PKA-CREB, and AMPK. These pathways converge on four key neuroprotective mechanisms — mitochondrial homeostasis, proteostasis (clearing toxic protein aggregates like alpha-synuclein), neuroinflammation reduction, and synaptic resilience.
Preclinical studies across multiple Parkinson's disease models demonstrate neuroprotective effects for exendin-4, liraglutide, semaglutide, lixisenatide, and emerging dual agonists. However, clinical translation has been complicated by differences in blood-brain barrier penetration and pharmacokinetics between agents. The review identifies these pharmacological factors as likely explanations for divergent clinical trial outcomes.
Orozco, María Paz; Vintimilla Rivadeneira, Valentina; Leon-Rojas, Jose E ·
RPEP-12880 · 2025Monthly migraine days decreased significantly from 13.6 to 8.5 (p<0.001) during galcanezumab treatment. Depression scores (PHQ-9) dropped from 5.8 to 4.5 (p=0.010) and anxiety scores (GAD-7) from 4.0 to 3.1 (p=0.030).
Critically, no significant correlation was found between changes in depression/anxiety scores and changes in monthly migraine days, pain severity (NRS), or associated migraine symptoms. Fisher's exact tests also showed no significant association between PHQ-9/GAD-7 improvements and migraine frequency reduction. This suggests galcanezumab may have direct mood-modulating effects independent of its migraine-reducing action.
Oshima, Kota; Hattori, Yuna; Ihara, Keiko; Watanabe, Narumi; Takemura, Ryo; Ishizuchi, Kei; Takahashi, Nobuyuki; Sekiguchi, Koji; Nakahara, Jin; Takizawa, Tsubasa ·
RPEP-12884 · 2025A patient on semaglutide developed anomic aphasia (difficulty naming objects) — a rare neurological manifestation — from reactivation of neurocysticercosis cysts that had been dormant for decades. Brain imaging confirmed localized cystic changes. The proposed mechanism is that semaglutide attenuated the protective inflammatory response maintained by astrocytes and microglia around the dormant cysts, allowing reactivation. Treatment with antiparasitic agents and corticosteroids led to marked clinical improvement.
Osorio Borjas, Marcos; Hernandez, Robert J; Lopez-Lacayo, Angelo; Laffita Perez, Dalina; Oliva, Yanie; Mercado, Julio; Hussain, Hussain ·
RPEP-12886 · 2025Only 1.4% of the 1.1 million patients eligible for anti-obesity medications were actually prescribed them.
Ostrominski, John W; Wagholikar, Kavishwar B; Olsson, Kelly; Unlu, Ozan; Zelle, David; Kumar, Sanjay; Smith, Austen M; Toliver, Joshua C; Michalak, Wojciech; Fabricatore, Anthony; Hartaigh, Bríain Ó; Baer, Heather J; Cannon, Christopher P; Apovian, Caroline M; Fisher, Naomi D L; Plutzky, Jorge; Scirica, Benjamin M; Blood, Alexander J · Cross Sectional
RPEP-12887 · 2025For the same absolute risk level, NT-proBNP levels in obese patients with HFpEF were significantly lower than in lean patients, suggesting BMI-adjusted thresholds are needed.
Ostrominski, John W; Neuen, Brendon L; Claggett, Brian L; Anand, Inder S; Desai, Akshay S; Jhund, Pardeep S; Lam, Carolyn S P; Pfeffer, Marc A; Pitt, Bertram; Zannad, Faiez; Zile, Michael R; Packer, Milton; Docherty, Kieran F; McMurray, John J V; Solomon, Scott D; Vaduganathan, Muthiah · Meta Analysis
RPEP-12888 · 2025Tirzepatide reached 12.3% of diabetes medication dispensations and 40.6% of weight-loss medication dispensations within about 18 months of market entry.
Ostrominski, John W; Ortega-Montiel, Janinne; Tesfaye, Helen; Alix, Caroline; DiCesare, Elyse; Cromer, Sara J; Wexler, Deborah J; Paik, Julie M; Patorno, Elisabetta · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12889 · 2025Tirzepatide at all doses (5, 10, 15 mg) significantly outperformed GLP-1 RAs for both blood sugar control and weight loss when combined with basal insulin.
Osumili, Beatrice; Sapin, Hélène; Yang, Zhengyu; Ranta, Kari; Paik, Jim S; Blüher, Matthias · Meta Analysis
RPEP-12890 · 2025GDF15 independently predicted heart failure events and improved prediction accuracy when combined with NT-proBNP (C-index improvement: 0.7190 to 0.7405).
Otaki, Yoichiro; Watanabe, Tetsu; Shimizu, Mari; Tachibana, Shingo; Sato, Junya; Kobayashi, Yuta; Tamura, Harutoshi; Kato, Shigehiko; Nishiyama, Satoshi; Takahashi, Hiroki; Arimoto, Takanori; Watanabe, Masafumi · Prospective Cohort
RPEP-12891 · 202575 antimicrobial peptides identified in one lizard species—far more diverse than expected—with consistent chromosomal organization across multiple species.
Otalora, Katherin; Gómez-Garrido, Jessica; Baldo, Laura · In Vitro
RPEP-12892 · 202514.3% of psychiatric outpatients had headache diagnoses, with the majority managed within psychiatry departments rather than neurology.
Otani, Kyohei; Imbe, Nobuyasu; Shindo, Ryota · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12893 · 2025Semaglutide reduced cardiovascular mortality by 26% overall (RR 0.74), with a 34% reduction in HFrEF patients.
Otmani, Zina; Elsayed, Hazem Ayman; Yassin, Mazen Negmeldin Aly; Saihi, Mohamed Jalil; Aldemerdash, Mohamed A; Alzawahreh, Ahmad; Hassan, Amr; Alahmed, Farouq Bahaa; Gonnah, Ahmed R; Abdelaziz, Ahmed · Meta Analysis
RPEP-12894 · 2025Inhaled treprostinil improved BNP levels, tricuspid pressure gradient, and oxygen requirements in a patient with severe interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hypertension.
Otsuka, Mitsuki; Sonoda, Shiro; Yamada, Takayuki; Aoki, Shotaro; Yasuda, Tomoka; Sawada, Atsushi; Shirai, Tsuyoshi; Tateishi, Tomoya; Furusawa, Haruhiko; Miyazaki, Yasunari · Case Report
RPEP-12895 · 2025Fatty pancreas may be linked to increased risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through chronic inflammation and lipotoxicity, and certain diabetes drugs might help.
Otsuka, Nao; Shimamatsu, Yutaka; Hakuta, Ryunosuke; Takayama, Yukiko; Nakai, Yousuke · Narrative Review
RPEP-12896 · 2025GLP-1 RA users had median Schirmer values of 15 mm vs. 7.5 mm and median TBUT of 10 sec vs. 5.85 sec compared to non-users.
Ottonelli, Giovanni; Gaeta, Alessandro; Montericcio, Novella; Tredici, Costanza; Ortfeldt, Vittoria; Birtolo, Maria Francesca; Jaafar, Simona; Mirani, Marco; Di Maria, Alessandra · Case Control
RPEP-12897 · 2025Neonate rattlesnake venom contained 5-7 times more potassium than adult venom, potentially enhancing the toxicity of smaller venom volumes.
Oubkeo, Crystal; Ng, Kaitlyn; Reiser, Kristofer; VanEthen, Zoe; Mackessy, Stephen P; Apawu, Aaron K · In Vitro
RPEP-12898 · 2025PVI significantly reduced left atrial volume and improved ejection fraction, with corresponding decreases in BNP levels.
Ouchi, Kotaro; Sakuma, Toru; Kisaki, Shunsuke; Tokutake, Kenichi; Yamane, Teiichi; Ojiri, Hiroya; Yoshimura, Michihiro · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12899 · 2025Prior metabolic surgery was associated with a 6.78x higher odds of poor response to liraglutide for weight loss.
Ouyang, Yuqin; Xiang, Xinyue; Hu, Xinyun; Chu, Xuehui; Tang, Wenjuan; Feng, Wenhuan · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12900 · 2025Oral semaglutide reduced HbA1c by 0.85% in naive patients, 0.67% in DPP-4i switchers, and 0.13% in GLP-1 RA switchers.
Oya, Junko; Shimizu, Mika; Kubota, Ryo; Suda, Rika; Nagkagami, Tomoko · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12901 · 202581.3% of patients developed neoantigen-specific immune responses; only 1 of 7 patients receiving adjuvant vaccination had recurrence over 5+ years.
Oyama, Koki; Nakata, Kohei; Abe, Toshiya; Hirotaka, Kento; Fujimori, Nao; Kiyotani, Kazuma; Iwamoto, Chika; Ikenaga, Naoki; Morisaki, Shinji; Umebayashi, Masayo; Tanaka, Hiroto; Koya, Norihiro; Nakagawa, Shinichiro; Tsujimura, Kenta; Yoshimura, Sachiko; Onishi, Hideya; Nakamura, Yusuke; Nakamura, Masafumi; Morisaki, Takashi · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12902 · 2025Liraglutide, especially at weekly dosing, reduced cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain, motor impairment, and nerve tissue damage in rats.
Ozatik, Fikriye Yasemin; Teksen, Yasemin; Ozatik, Orhan; Çengelli Unel, Cigdem; Karadeniz Saygili, Suna · Animal Study
RPEP-12903 · 2025Female COPD ICU patients had significantly higher rates of heart failure, obesity, and elevated BNP levels compared to males.
Ozdemir, Tarkan; Yıldız, Murat; Arı, Maşide; Arı, Emrah; Eraslan Doğanay, Güler; Cırık, Mustafa Özgür; Doğancı, Melek; Özdilekcan, Çiğdem; Kızılgöz, Derya; Şipit, Yusuf Tuğrul · Cross Sectional
RPEP-12904 · 2025Bromelain restored GLUT2 and normalized POMC and IGF1R expression in hypothalamic tissue of obese rats.
Ozen Koca, Raviye; Basaran, Mustafa Berk; Solak, Hatice; Solak Gormus, Zulfikare Isik · Animal Study
RPEP-12905 · 2025Post-cardioversion BNP at 30 minutes, not baseline BNP, predicted early AF recurrence. Higher BNP was associated with worse diastolic dysfunction.
Ozturk, Ali; Okan, Taha · Prospective Cohort
RPEP-12906 · 2025Metformin and exenatide significantly increased osteoblast and osteoclast numbers at bone defect sites (p=0.007 for both) without affecting overall bone volume.
Ozturk, Hasan; Simsek, Neslihan; Akinci, Levent; Ozgocmen, Meltem; Yigit, Dilek Helvacioglu · Animal Study
RPEP-12907 · 2025All weight-loss interventions increase bone turnover; bariatric surgery is worst for bone health. GLP-1 drugs show mixed signals—protective in animals at high doses but potentially harmful during significant human weight loss.
Paccou, Julien; Gagnon, Claudia; Yu, Elaine W; Rosen, Clifford J · Narrative Review
RPEP-12908 · 2025GLP-1 receptor agonist use was associated with a 59% reduction in the hazard of recurrence or death after lung cancer surgery (HR 0.41), and a 69% reduction in the hazard of progression when added to immunotherapy, in overweight and obese patients.
Pachimatla, Akhil Goud; Fitzgerald, Bailey; Ogidigo, Joyce; Bhatia, Meera; Smith, Randall J; Ratnakaram, Kalyan; Kalvapudi, Sukumar; Vedire, Yeshwanth; Washington, Deschana; Vethanayagam Rr, Robert; Hsiao, Hua-Hsin; Rosario, Spencer; Sanghvi, Viraj R; Barbi, Joseph; Yendamuri, Sai · Retrospective Cohort
RPEP-12909 · 2025About 50% of obese patients with OSA achieved resolution of their condition with tirzepatide over 52 weeks.
Pack, Allan; Grunstein, Ronald; Mokhlesi, Babak; Ryan, Silke; Schwab, Richard; Gozal, David · Review
RPEP-12910 · 2025Tirzepatide benefits for heart failure were consistent regardless of diabetes status: HR 0.64 with diabetes vs. 0.61 without diabetes.
Packer, Milton; Zile, Michael R; Kramer, Christopher M; DiMaria, Joseph M; Baum, Seth J; Litwin, Sheldon E; Murakami, Masahiro; Zhou, Chunmei; Ou, Yang; Koeneman, Lisette; Borlaug, Barry A · Randomized Controlled Trial
RPEP-12911 · 2025Tirzepatide improved heart failure outcomes equally in patients with and without CKD, but creatinine-based eGFR appeared to decline on tirzepatide while cystatin C-based eGFR improved—indicating the creatinine decline is an artifact of muscle loss from weight reduction, not true kidney deterioration.
Packer, Milton; Zile, Michael R; Kramer, Christopher M; Murakami, Masahiro; Ou, Yang; Borlaug, Barry A · Randomized Controlled Trial
RPEP-12912 · 2025Tirzepatide reduced the composite of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure events by 38% (HR 0.62, p=0.026), and produced a 15% body weight reduction along with clinically meaningful improvements in quality-of-life scores and 6-minute walk distance.
Packer, Milton; Zile, Michael R; Kramer, Christopher M; Baum, Seth J; Litwin, Sheldon E; Menon, Venu; Ge, Junbo; Weerakkody, Govinda J; Ou, Yang; Bunck, Mathijs C; Hurt, Karla C; Murakami, Masahiro; Borlaug, Barry A · Randomized Controlled Trial
RPEP-12913 · 2025Topic model-derived AMP motifs were more strongly associated with antimicrobial activity and demonstrated lower minimum inhibitory concentration values than traditional frequency-based motifs, suggesting the AI approach identifies more biologically relevant antimicrobial patterns.
Padi, Sarala; Mondal, Kinjal; Hoogerheide, David P; Heinrich, Frank; Mihailescu, Mihaela; Klauda, Jeffery B; Cardone, Antonio · In Vitro
RPEP-12914 · 2025Among 24 cancer patients, somatic HLA class I gene mutations were found in 5 patients, HLA gene loss of heterozygosity in 5 patients, and chromosome 6 copy loss in 8 patients—indicating over half had some form of HLA gene disruption that could undermine personalized neoantigen vaccine therapy.
Padul, Vijay G; Biswas, Nupur; Gill, Mini; Perez, Jesus A; Lopez, Javier J; Kesari, Santosh; Ashili, Shashanka · Cross Sectional
RPEP-12915 · 2025GLP-1 receptor agonists achieve 10–20% weight reduction and reduce perioperative complications in hernia patients, but the delayed gastric emptying they cause creates anesthesia safety challenges requiring individualized fasting protocols.
Paduraru, Dan Nicolae; Palcau, Alexandru Cosmin; Ion, Daniel; Seicaru, Razvan · Narrative Review
RPEP-12916 · 2025Five lipidated derivatives of KR12 (C10, C12, C14, 2-butyloctanoic acid, and 4-phenylbenzoic acid variants) showed strong antifungal activity against planktonic Candida cells, and C14-KR12-NH2 additionally disrupted Candida albicans biofilms—a notoriously drug-resistant state.
Paduszynska, Malgorzata Anna; Neubauer, Damian; Kamysz, Wojciech; Kamysz, Elzbieta · In Vitro
RPEP-12917 · 2025Systemic cancer hallmark gene signatures in peripheral blood were significantly associated with progression-free survival in PRRT-treated GEP-NET patients, with cell cycle and immune-related pathways showing the strongest predictive value.
Padwal, Mahesh Kumar; Parghane, Rahul Vithalrao; Chakraborty, Avik; Ujaoney, Aman Kumar; Anaganti, Narasimha; Basu, Sandip; Basu, Bhakti · Prospective Cohort
RPEP-12918 · 2025Intranasal AaTs-1 significantly reduced pain hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation while preventing morpho-functional alterations in spinal cord neurons and glial cells in a formalin-induced chronic pain model.
Pagano, Salvatore; Limongelli, Rebecca; Moslah, Wassim; Saada, Mohamed-Chiheb; Manzo, Iolanda; Bonsale, Roozbe; Teweldemedhin, Milena Melake; Fusco, Antimo; Guida, Francesca; Belardo, Carmela; Morace, Andrea Maria; Perrone, Michela; Ricciardi, Federica; Pierretti, Gorizio; Vastarella, Maria Giovanna; Infantino, Rosmara; Srairi-Abid, Najet; Maione, Sabatino; Palazzo, Enza; Luongo, Livio · Animal Study
RPEP-12919 · 2025A substantial proportion of patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists had high residual gastric contents before anesthesia despite standard fasting, suggesting current preoperative fasting guidelines may be inadequate for this population.
Pai, Sher-Lu; Nimma, Sindhuja R; Beam, W Brian; VanderWielen, Beth A; Kalagara, Hari K; Bettini, Layne M; Yu, Soojie; Sharpe, Emily E; Harbell, Monica W · Prospective Cohort
RPEP-12920 · 2025GLP-1 receptor agonists were associated with eustachian tube dysfunction, particularly the patulous variant, likely caused by rapid loss of soft tissue bulk around the eustachian tube opening.
Pak, Kaitlynne Y; Cutri, Raffaello M; Nadeem, Wasiq; Kothari, Dhruv; Wong, Yu-Tung; Wu, Arthur W; Miller, Mia E · Case Report
RPEP-12921 · 2025Stapled peptides successfully inhibited mRNA deadenylation by disrupting the NOT9 subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex, establishing a new strategy for preserving beneficial mRNA stability and translational activity.
Pal, Sunit; Gordijenko, Ilja; Schmeing, Stefan; Biswas, Somarghya; Akbulut, Yasemin; Gasper, Raphael; 't Hart, Peter · In Vitro
RPEP-12922 · 2025Truncated NPY (3-36) selectively activated neuroprotective pathways (via Y2/Y5 receptors) while avoiding vasoconstriction (mediated by Y1 receptors), demonstrating that receptor-selective peptide analogs can dissociate beneficial from harmful effects in glaucoma treatment.
Palanivel, Viswanthram; Basavarajappa, Devaraj; Salkar, Akanksha; Komáromy, András M; Tietz, Ole; Eva, Taslima Akter; Chitranshi, Nitin; Mirzaei, Mehdi; Gupta, Veer; You, Yuyi; Graham, Stuart L; Gupta, Vivek · Animal Study
RPEP-12923 · 2025Oral semaglutide produced significant short-term reductions in HbA1c and body weight, along with improvements in cardiovascular risk markers, in a real-world type 2 diabetes population.
Palazzi, Sara; Sentinelli, Federica; Zugaro, Antonella; Morgante, Sara; Santarelli, Livia; Melanzi, Sandra; De Mutiis, Annamaria; Piersanti, Deamaria; Macerola, Barbara; Iezzi, Marco; Mercuri, Pietro; Ferranti, Alessandro; Tienforti, Daniele; Cavallo, Maria Gisella; Barbonetti, Arcangelo; Baroni, Marco Giorgio · Observational
RPEP-12924 · 2025Neuropeptides including substance P and CGRP are consistently upregulated in chronic tendinopathy, with the paratenon serving as a key source of neoinnervation that drives ongoing pain signaling.
Palee, Suwannika; Jarusriwanna, Atthakorn; Lee, Danielle; Yener, Ugur; Kaye, Alan D; Shaparin, Naum; Wahezi, Sayed E · Scoping Review
RPEP-12926 · 2025AhR transcriptionally induces alpha-defensin 1 expression, and this induction reverses gut microbiota dysbiosis and attenuates colitis, establishing a direct mechanistic link between environmental sensing, antimicrobial peptide production, and intestinal health.
Palrasu, Manikandan; Kakar, Khadija; Marudamuthu, Amarnath; Hamida, Hamida; Thada, Shruthi; Zhong, Yin; Staley, Shanieka; Busbee, Philip Brandon; Li, Jie; Garcia-Buitrago, Monica; Nagarkatti, Mitzi; Nagarkatti, Prakash · Animal Study
RPEP-12927 · 2025AhR activation induced β-defensin 1 expression in colonic epithelial cells, which regulated gut microbiota composition and immune cross-talk to attenuate colitis in both human tissue samples and three mouse colitis models.
Palrasu, Manikandan; Marudamuthu, Amarnath; Kakar, Khadija; Hamida, Hamida; Thada, Shruthi; Gupta, Rohan; Wilson, Kiesha; Carter, Taylor; Zhong, Yin; Saxena, Archana; Yang, Xiaoming; Singh, Narendra; Busbee, Philip Brandon; Li, Jie; Garcia-Buitrago, Monica; Nagarkatti, Prakash; Nagarkatti, Mitzi · Animal Study
RPEP-12928 · 2025Intratumoral injection of a Vpr-derived peptide improved tumor immunogenicity by releasing whole-tumor antigens, eliciting systemic anti-tumor immune responses that targeted both local and distant tumors.
Pan, Danjie; Du, Ling; Liu, Jiayang; Kuerban, Kudelaidi; Huang, Xuan; Wang, Yue; Guo, Qiuyu; Chen, Huaning; Wang, Songna; Wang, Li; Zhou, Pinghong; Meng, Zhefeng; Ye, Li · Animal Study
RPEP-12929 · 2025GIP significantly reduced testosterone secretion in PCOS mouse models and NCI-H295R cells, suppressing androgen biosynthesis through specific molecular pathways identified via RNA sequencing.
Pan, Mengru; Qian, Yifan; Jiang, Linlin; Cao, Chunwei; Li, Lin · Animal Study
RPEP-12930 · 2025The biphasic delivery system (Ex-NPs-gel) provided both rapid initial and sustained long-term exenatide release, achieving prolonged glycemic control compared to standard exenatide injections in diabetic rats.
Pan, Shu; Dong, Nan; Yuan, Haoyang; Zhang, Yu; He, Haibing; Yin, Tian; Wang, Yanjiao; Gou, Jingxin; Tang, Xing · Animal Study
RPEP-12931 · 2025Semaglutide downregulated Slc27a2/FATP2 expression on cardiomyocytes, reducing lipotoxic fat accumulation and protecting against inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired cardiac function, and apoptosis in an obesity model.
Pan, Xiaoyu; Wang, Shuqi; Yang, Xiaoman; Jia, Boying; Chen, Shuchun · Animal Study
RPEP-12932 · 2025The synthetic peptide exhibited triple functionality — pro-regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial — when used as an additive in bone tissue engineering biomaterials, offering a comprehensive approach to bone repair.
Panasiuk, Mirosława; Chraniuk, Milena; Bollin, Piotr; Sawicka, Justyna; Sylla, Anna; Hovhannisyan, Lilit; Biernat, Monika; Rodziewicz-Motowidło, Sylwia; Gromadzka, Beata · In Vitro
RPEP-12933 · 2025Multiple nanocarrier platforms (polymeric, lipid-based, and hybrid systems) have demonstrated improved liraglutide stability, protection from degradation, and enhanced bioavailability in preclinical studies.
Pandey, Ajay; Rath, Goutam; Chawala, Ruchi; Goyal, Amit Kumar · Narrative Review