Explore studies of liraglutide.
Dulaglutide reduced HbA1c 0.24% more than liraglutide in real-world clinical practice (p=0.003), confirmed by meta-analysis of observational studies.
Morieri, Mario Luca; Rigato, Mauro; Frison, Vera; Simioni, Natalino; D'Ambrosio, Michele; Tadiotto, Federica; Paccagnella, Agostino; Lapolla, Annunziata; Avogaro, Angelo; Fadini, Gian Paolo · Observational
GLP-1 receptor agonists upregulate mucin expression in airways via p38 MAPK, exacerbating emphysematous phenotypes in obstructive lung disease models.
Nohara, Hirofumi; Nakashima, Ryunosuke; Kamei, Shunsuke; Fujikawa, Haruka; Ueno-Shuto, Keiko; Kawakami, Taisei; Eto, Yuka; Suico, Mary Ann; Li, Jian-Dong; Kai, Hirofumi; Shuto, Tsuyoshi · Animal
GLP-1 RAs (liraglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide) reduce MACE in T2DM patients with CV disease, while DPP-4 inhibitors show CV safety but no MACE benefit, with saxagliptin increasing HF risk.
Patel, Kershaw V; Sarraju, Ashish; Neeland, Ian J; McGuire, Darren K · Review
Across 200,148 participants and 396,457 person-years, GLP-1 RAs showed cardiovascular safety with potential MACE benefit for liraglutide (PE range 0.53-0.95) and no association with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, or hypoglycemia.
Caparrotta, Thomas M; Templeton, Jack B; Clay, Thomas A; Wild, Sarah H; Reynolds, Rebecca M; Webb, David J; Colhoun, Helen M · Systematic Review
Both GLP-1 receptor agonists produced comparable effects on: - Macronutrient and energy intake (equally reduced) - Body weight loss - Appetite reduction The key mechanistic finding was that weight loss and appetite reduction were NOT related to delayed gastric emptying or GI side effects (p > 0.05 for both). This challenges the common assumption that GLP-1 drugs reduce appetite mainly by slowing stomach emptying or causing nausea. Both drugs improved exocrine pancreas function (faecal elastase and serum beta-carotin increased), suggesting GLP-1 drugs may benefit pancreatic enzyme output. Liraglutide specifically increased serum lipase by 18.3 U/L (p = 0.0001), while lixisenatide did not. This lipase elevation is clinically relevant because lipase rises can indicate pancreatic stress, though in this case it was associated with improved pancreatic markers overall.
Quast, Daniel R; Nauck, Michael A; Schenker, Nina; Menge, Björn A; Kapitza, Christoph; Meier, Juris J · Randomized Controlled Trial
This meta-analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials (3,377 patients) found that GLP-1 analogs — particularly liraglutide — provide meaningful benefits when added to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Liraglutide produced dose-dependent reductions in A1c (-0.09% per mg), body weight (-2.2 kg per mg), and total daily insulin (-4.32 IU per mg). However, higher liraglutide doses came with significantly increased nausea (OR 6.5) and modestly elevated ketosis risk (OR 1.8). Importantly, GLP-1 therapy did not significantly increase severe or symptomatic hypoglycemia. Patients who were newly diagnosed or still producing some insulin (C-peptide positive) showed greater A1c reductions (-0.51% vs -0.28%) but similar weight loss.
Park, Jeayoung; Ntelis, Spyridon; Yunasan, Elvina; Downton, Katherine D; Yip, Terry Cheuk-Fung; Munir, Kashif M; Haq, Nowreen · Systematic Review Meta Analysis
During the 16-week intervention, participants achieved significantly lower HbA1c (40 vs 51 mmol/mol, p < 0.0001) and lost more weight (3.3% vs 1.9%, p = 0.02) compared to controls. After stopping all glucose-lowering drugs, there was a 37% lower hazard of diabetes relapse in the intervention group (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.88, p = 0.007). However, this benefit did not last. At 12 weeks post-intervention, remission rates were 17.7% vs 12.5% (not significant). At 52 weeks, they were 6.3% vs 3.8% (not significant). The key takeaway: intensive metabolic intervention delayed relapse but could not sustain remission once drugs were stopped.
Punthakee, Zubin; Hall, Stephanie; McInnes, Natalia; Sherifali, Diana; Tsiplova, Kate; Kirabo, Faith R; Ransom, Thomas P P; Harris, Stewart B; Lochnan, Heather A; Sigal, Ronald J; Ghosh, Mahua; Spaic, Tamara; Gerstein, Hertzel C · Randomized Controlled Trial
Among the novel agents studied in animal models, liraglutide showed neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects against vincristine-induced nerve damage. Oxytocin demonstrated analgesic properties. Other promising candidates included ulinastatin (enzyme inhibitor), aripiprazole (antipsychotic), anakinra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), and thioctic acid (antioxidant). All work through different mechanisms including reducing inflammation, protecting nerve integrity, and modulating pain pathways.
Pușcașu, Ciprian; Negreș, Simona; Zbârcea, Cristina Elena; Chiriță, Cornel · Review
Sixteen obese patients with IBD (9 Crohn's disease, 7 ulcerative colitis) received semaglutide 1.0 mg or liraglutide 3.0 mg for obesity. Their median starting BMI was 35. At 6 months, median weight change was -6.2%. 58.3% (7 of 12 evaluable patients) achieved at least 5% weight loss. IBD activity scores showed no significant changes during follow-up, meaning the drugs did not trigger disease flares. Side effects were mild. Nausea was the most common at 13.3%. One patient discontinued due to diarrhea. No serious adverse events were reported.
Ramos Belinchón, Clara; Martínez-Lozano, Helena; Serrano Moreno, Clara; Hernández Castillo, Diego; Lois Chicharro, Pablo; Ferreira Ocampo, Pablo; Marín-Jiménez, Ignacio; Bretón Lesmes, Irene; Menchén, Luis · Case Series
After approximately 26 weeks on IDegLira: - HbA1c decreased by 1.3% (from 9.1% to 7.8%, p < 0.0001) - Body weight decreased by 1 kg (from 76.1 to 75.1 kg, p < 0.0001) - No severe hypoglycemic events observed - Mean final IDegLira dose: 21.3 units These results were achieved in patients who had previously been on basal insulin (with or without oral diabetes drugs) and were not reaching their blood sugar targets. The combination provided better control with modest weight loss rather than the weight gain typically seen with intensified insulin therapy.
Ramírez-Rincón, Alex; Henao-Carrillo, Diana; Omeara, Miguel; Oliveros, Julio; Assaf, José; Ordóñez, Jaime E; Prasad, Preethy; Alzate, María Alejandra · Retrospective Cohort
GLP-1 receptor agonists work by mimicking the natural gut hormone GLP-1, which reduces appetite and slows stomach emptying. Semaglutide and liraglutide are the two GLP-1 drugs FDA-approved for weight management. Beyond weight loss, these drugs show early evidence of cardiovascular benefits in obese patients, including reduced cardiovascular events and improved risk factors. The SELECT trial showed semaglutide reduced major cardiovascular events by 20% in obese people without diabetes. Common side effects are gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) and are usually mild to moderate. The review discusses strategies for managing these effects, including gradual dose escalation.
Raza, Fatima Ali; Altaf, Rafiya; Bashir, Talha; Asghar, Fatima; Altaf, Rabiya; Tousif, Sohaib; Goyal, Aman; Mohammed, Aisha; Mohammad, Mahnoor Faisal; Anan, Mahfuza; Ali, Sajjad · Review
After subcutaneous injection in rats: - Liraglutide: apparent half-life 9.1 hours, delayed peak plasma levels, bioavailability ~10% - Exenatide: half-life ~1 hour, bioavailability ~100% Lymphatic uptake was low for both peptides (<0.5% of dose), though lymph-to-plasma concentration ratios exceeded 1 at several early timepoints, suggesting some direct lymph uptake. The single-chain C16 palmitic acid on liraglutide did not substantially boost lymphatic transport. The authors suggest that if lymphatic delivery is desired, more lipophilic conjugates (like diacylglycerols) with higher albumin or lipoprotein binding would be needed.
Reddiar, Sanjeevini Babu; Abdallah, Mohammad; Styles, Ian K; Müllertz, Olivia O; Trevaskis, Natalie L · Animal Pharmacokinetic
Preconception weight loss through either diet modification or liraglutide treatment improved maternal kidney outcomes in late gestation in a mouse model of obesity.
Rodrigo, Natassia; Chen, Hui; Pollock, Carol A; Glastras, Sarah J · Animal Study
Semaglutide and phentermine/topiramate showed the most consistent long-term weight loss among veterans, with data extending up to 48 months.
Rodriguez, Allison D; Ifeachor, Amanda P; Moore, Emily A; Otte, Cassandra F; Schopper, M Joseph; Liangpunsakul, Suthat; Lteif, Amale A · Cohort
Current FDA guidance for evaluating generic peptide drug sameness needs clarification on higher order structure assessment to ensure generic peptide drugs are safe and effective.
Rogers-Crovak, Jessica A; Delaney, Edward J; Detlefsen, David J · Review
Liraglutide prevented body weight gain, fat mass accumulation, and glucose intolerance in ovariectomized rats, a model of post-menopausal metabolic changes.
Rossetti, Camila Lüdke; Andrade, Iris Soares; Fonte Boa, Luiz Fernando; Neves, Marcelo Barbosa; Fassarella, Larissa Brito; Bertasso, Iala Milene; Souza, Maria das Graças Coelho de; Bouskela, Eliete; Lisboa, Patrícia Cristina; Takyia, Christina Maeda; Trevenzoli, Isis Hara; Fortunato, Rodrigo Soares; Carvalho, Denise Pires de · Animal Study
Disproportionality analysis of the European Pharmacovigilance database found no elevated signal for suicidal events with GLP-1 receptor agonists as a class.
Ruggiero, Rosanna; Mascolo, Annamaria; Spezzaferri, Angela; Carpentieri, Claudia; Torella, Daniele; Sportiello, Liberata; Rossi, Francesco; Paolisso, Giuseppe; Capuano, Annalisa · Cohort
Significant disproportionality was detected for semaglutide-associated suicidal ideation (ROR 1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.77). Signal strengthened in patients co-taking antidepressants (ROR 4.45) or benzodiazepines (ROR 4.07). Remained significant vs comparators: dapagliflozin (ROR 5.56), metformin (ROR 3.86), orlistat (ROR 4.24). No significant signal detected for liraglutide.
Schoretsanitis, Georgios; Weiler, Stefan; Barbui, Corrado; Raschi, Emanuel; Gastaldon, Chiara · Cohort
Liraglutide added to metformin significantly improved SBP, DBP, BMI, waist-hip ratio, glycolipid metabolism indices, and microinflammatory markers compared to metformin alone over 12 weeks (P<0.05). High medication safety reported.
Shao, Wei; Wu, Jianli; Zhu, Meiqin; Wang, Yanqi; Ci, Haideng · RCT
N-terminal histidine of liraglutide reacts with formaldehyde impurities in excipients and PLGA degradation products, forming imidazopyrimidine, glycolyl, and lactolyl interaction products.
Sheikh, Azahar R; Vitore, Jyotsna G; Bhalekar, Vijay S; Jain, Sonali; Kukreja, Divya; Giri, Tushar; Sharma, Nitish; Benival, Derajram; Shah, Ravi P · In Vitro
Twelve weeks of liraglutide (1.8mg) in post-bariatric patients with persistent obesity produced 11.6% total weight loss versus 4.9% in controls, with an estimated treatment difference of 6.6% and improved metabolic outcomes.
Shen, Yuanyuan; Huang, Yuanhao; Ouyang, Yuqin; Xiang, Xinyue; Chu, Xuehui; Zhang, Bingqing; Han, Tao; Tang, Wenjuan; Feng, Wenhuan · Cohort
Liraglutide protected endothelial cells from high glucose-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis by regulating the TRIB3/NF-κB/IκB-α signaling pathway.
Shi, Lili; Xu, Yingying; Zhao, Chao; Qu, Guangjin; Hao, Ming · In Vitro
Liraglutide pretreatment (0.6 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks) did not improve any echocardiographic, functional, or molecular measure of doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats.
Tonon, Carolina R; Monte, Marina G; Balin, Paola S; Fujimori, Anderson S S; Ribeiro, Ana Paula D; Ferreira, Natália F; Vieira, Nayane M; Cabral, Ronny P; Okoshi, Marina P; Okoshi, Katashi; Zornoff, Leonardo A M; Minicucci, Marcos F; Paiva, Sergio A R; Gomes, Mariana J; Polegato, Bertha F · Animal Study
Liraglutide restored healthy fat tissue characteristics in obese mice — smaller adipocytes, more blood vessels, higher MMP-9 activity, less fibrosis, and tubular mitochondrial morphology.
Touceda, Vanessa; Fontana Estevez, Florencia; Cacciagiú, Leonardo; Finocchietto, Paola; Bustos, Romina; Vidal, Agustina; Berg, Gabriela; Morales, Celina; González, Germán; Miksztowicz, Veronica · Animal Study
Liraglutide suppressed CCA cell migration and reduced xenograft tumor volumes by inhibiting EMT and Akt/STAT3 phosphorylation, despite GLP-1R expression being associated with poorer histological grade.
Trakoonsenathong, Ronnakrit; Kunprom, Waritta; Aphivatanasiri, Chaiwat; Yueangchantuek, Padcharee; Pimkeeree, Paslada; Sorin, Supannika; Khawkhiaw, Kullanat; Chiu, Ching-Feng; Okada, Seiji; Wongkham, Sopit; Saengboonmee, Charupong · Animal Study
Real-world weight loss with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide, liraglutide) and other weight management medications at 37 VA centers was smaller than clinical trials, with higher discontinuation rates and barriers including drug shortages.
Walczuk, Samantha; Burk, Muriel; Furmaga, Elaine; Ghassemi, Samaneh; McCarren, Madeline; Bukowski, Kenneth; Glassman, Peter; Cunningham, Fran · Cohort
Liraglutide reduces bone marrow fat accumulation in diabetic rats by suppressing miR-150-5p expression, which upregulates GDF11 — a novel mechanism explaining the peptide drug's bone-protective effects.
Wang, Na; Lin, Zhe; Gao, Liu; Wang, Bin; Wei, Kangxu; Zhang, Menghan; Li, Yukun; Xue, Peng · Animal Study
Liraglutide 3 mg produced median weight loss of 4.7% (MCGO) and 5.2% (HSGO) after 12 weeks at maximum dose, with significant improvements in appetite, fat mass, fasting glucose, and HbA1c in adults with genetic obesity.
Welling, Mila S; de Groot, Cornelis J; Mohseni, Mostafa; Meeusen, Renate E H; Boon, Mariëtte R; van Haelst, Mieke M; van den Akker, Erica L T; van Rossum, Elisabeth F C · Cohort
Across 17 animal studies, liraglutide improved bone imaging parameters, bone pathology, and bone maximum load while favorably altering bone metabolism markers, working through Wnt, AMPK/PGC1α, and OPG/RANKL/RANK pathways.
Wu, Zongyi; Deng, Wei; Ye, Yiming; Xu, Jie; Han, Deyu; Zheng, Yu; Zheng, Qun · Animal Study
Colonization with H. hepaticus, S. aureus, and R. pneumotropicus did not alter HFD-induced body weight gain, food intake, body composition, glycemic control, or responsiveness to liraglutide or MAR709 in C57BL/6J mice.
Wunderlich, Margit; Miller, Manuel; Ritter, Bärbel; Le Gleut, Ronan; Marchi, Hannah; Majzoub-Altweck, Monir; Knerr, Patrick J; Douros, Jonathan D; Müller, Timo D; Brielmeier, Markus · Animal Study
Liraglutide + standard therapy achieved 97.6% effectiveness vs 78.6% for standard therapy alone, with significantly better blood glucose control, kidney function (Scr, BUN, 24h-UPor), renal fibrosis reduction, and immunoglobulin levels in 84 T2DM patients.
Xiong, Wen; Liu, Hongxia; Xiang, Bo; Shang, Guangyu · Cohort
Liraglutide significantly reduced BMI (MD −1.06), triglycerides (MD −0.35 mmol/L), visceral adipose tissue (MD −21.06 cm²), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (MD −20.53 cm²) in T2DM patients with NAFLD across 12 studies.
Xu, Yuan-Yuan; Wang, Xu; She, Yu-Qing; Liu, Jie; Zhang, Qing · Meta Analysis
Liraglutide (0.6 mg/kg for 12 weeks) protected against HFD-induced kidney injury by reducing serum lipids, improving kidney function markers, reversing kidney pathology, and inhibiting the CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway. Bortezomib (AMPK agonist) partially reversed these effects.
Xuan, Yingli; Ding, Ting-Ting; Mao, Xiao-Lei; Pang, Shiqing; He, Ruibin; Qin, Li; Yuan, Jiang Zi · Animal Study
Liraglutide improved gut microbiota diversity (increased Simpson index, P=0.035), boosted beneficial bacteria like Clostridium and Oscillospira, increased serum L-5-Oxoproline, and reduced ectopic lipid deposition in kidney tubules through SREBP1/FAS pathway suppression.
Yi, Bo; Su, Ke; Cai, Yu-Li; Chen, Xiao-Ling; Bao, Yan; Wen, Zhong-Yuan · Animal Study
Laser acupuncture users lost an average of 5.82 kg versus 2.38 kg with liraglutide over 180 days, with the difference remaining significant after adjusting for baseline differences.
Yu, Wen-Lin; Liao, Yu-Ning; Yang, Tsung-Hsien; Yang, Ching-Wei; Kao, Ting-I; Lee, Pai-Wei; Hsu, Chiu-Yi; Huang, Jhen-Ling; Huang, Yu-Tung; Chen, Hsing-Yu · Cohort
Liraglutide produced a 4.3% BMI reduction (p<0.001) in 34 adolescents with persistent obesity after sleeve gastrectomy, with significant improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c and 91% study completion.
Zenno, Anna; Nwosu, Ejike E; Fatima, Syeda Z; Nadler, Evan P; Mirza, Nazrat M; Brady, Sheila M; Turner, Sara A; Yang, Shanna B; Lazareva, Julia; Te-Vasquez, Jennifer A; Chen, Kong Y; Chung, Stephanie T; Yanovski, Jack A · RCT
Liraglutide directly binds Myo1c at arginine 93, enhances Myo1c/Dock5 interaction to promote keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Dock5 keratinocyte-specific knockout abolished liraglutide wound-healing benefits.
Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Chunlin; Kang, Changjiang; Zhu, Jiaran; He, Qingshan; Li, Hongwei; Tong, Qiang; Wang, Min; Zhang, Linlin; Xiong, Xin; Wang, Yuren; Qu, Hua; Zheng, Hongting; Zheng, Yi · Animal Study
Liraglutide reduced RAGE expression, suppressed IL-6/IL-12/TNF-α, decreased MMP-1/-3/-13 and ADAMTS-4/-5, preserved aggrecan and collagen II, and reduced chondrocyte apoptosis via GLP-1R activation, with all effects reversed by GLP-1R blockade.
Zhang, Xianyu; Jiang, Jian; Xu, Jiajia; Chen, Jian; Gu, Yuntao; Wu, Guobao · In Vitro
Liraglutide improved follicle development and reduced PCOS phenotype in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in ovarian tissue.
Zhao, Min; Liao, Baoying; Yun, Chuyu; Qi, Xinyu; Pang, Yanli · In Vitro
Liraglutide activated the Sirtuin-1 pathway in osteoblasts, protecting them from oxidative stress and promoting bone cell survival and function.
Zhong, Shuai; Huang, Liangzhi; Lin, Tingting; Li, Yanyan; Deng, Bin; Kong, Dezhi; Liao, Zhanlin; Huang, Zugui · Animal Study
Zein/Eudragit-chitosan nanoparticles protected liraglutide from gastric degradation, provided sustained oral delivery, and achieved effective glycemic control in animal models.
Ziebarth, Jeferson; da Silva, Letícia Marina; Lorenzett, Ariane Krause Padilha; Figueiredo, Ingrid Delbone; Carlstrom, Paulo Fernando; Cardoso, Felipe Nunes; de Freitas, André Luiz Ferreira; Baviera, Amanda Martins; Mainardes, Rubiana Mara · Animal Study
GLP-1 RA use associated with reduced progression to liver transplant in NAFLD/NASH patients, supporting hepatoprotective benefits of these peptide drugs.
Al-Moussally, Feras; Khan, Saud; Katukuri, Vinay; Kinaan, Mustafa; Mansi, Ishak A · Cohort
Different lifestyle approaches combined with liraglutide produced varying outcomes, identifying optimal diet and exercise strategies for maximizing GLP-1 drug benefits.
Al-Najim, Werd; Dehestani, Babak; Al-Humadi, Ahmed W; Bodicoat, Danielle H; Papamargaritis, Dimitris; Lean, Michael; McGowan, Barbara; Webb, David R; Wilding, John Ph; Davies, Melanie J; le Roux, Carel W · RCT
Comparison of three leading GLP-1/GIP drugs for weight loss found tirzepatide produced the most weight loss, followed by semaglutide, then liraglutide, with varying side effect profiles.
Alali, Saleh; Al-Otaibi, Wed; Ashodian, Karen; Achour, Nour; Almulla, Aishah; Mutlaq, Hessa · Cohort
Meta-analysis of GLP-1 agonists and suicidal ideation finds no significant association, providing further reassurance on the psychiatric safety of these widely used drugs.
Alansari, Amal Omar; Alharbi, Ahlam Saleem; Alshehri, Khaled Mohammad; Alhabib, Ali Tareq; Alsalmi, Bodour Saleh; Almosfer, Waleed Abdulaziz; AlAjlan, Fadiyah Abdullah; Alharbi, Abeer Abdullah; Alzahrani, Basmah Saleh; Alamer, Bader; Alatawi, Amirah M · Meta Analysis
Combination of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin and GLP-1 agonist liraglutide showed potential for enhanced cardio-renal protection through complementary mechanisms.
Albanna, Adel Ali; Ibrahim, Doa'a Anwar; Shamsher, Amani Mohammed; Al-Shawia, Mojahed Ali; Halboup, Abdulsalam · Animal Study
Analysis of bowel obstruction and ileus events in GLP-1 drug users evaluates this safety signal using clinical data and pharmacovigilance reports.
Alfehaid, Lama; Alyami, Majed; Almohareb, Sumaya; Alshaya, Omar; Almutairi, Abdulaali · Meta Analysis
Liraglutide ameliorated methotrexate-induced cardiotoxicity in rats through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathway modulation, adding chemo-cardioprotection to GLP-1 benefits.
Ali, Dina A; Ibrahim, Dalia; Kolieb, Eman; Abdel Fattah, Islam O; Maher, Shymaa A; Elkelish, Amr; Abdalneim, Nasir A; Abozied, Nadia · Animal Study
In-depth analysis of liraglutide cardiovascular benefits in type 2 diabetes examines the mechanisms and evidence supporting cardiac protection through GLP-1 receptor activation.
Alluri, Amruth A; Mitra, Avishek; Marepalli, Aamuktha; Raj, Kshitij; Gandhi, Nayan; Prystupa, Yuliya; Seetharaman, Rajmohan · Review
Review of GLP-1 agonist developments for gestational diabetes explores efficacy evidence, safety concerns, and the potential role of these drugs in pregnancy-related metabolic disease.
Alshehri, Fahad S · Review