Comprehensive review covers GLP-1 drug mechanisms, cardiovascular outcomes, and emerging applications from diabetes through heart failure and kidney disease.
Past to futureComprehensive review spanning GLP-1 drug evolution from diabetes treatment to multi-system therapeutics
What the researchers found
GLP-1 RAs have evolved from diabetes drugs to multi-organ therapeutics with proven cardiovascular benefits and emerging heart failure and kidney disease applications.
Why it matters
This provides the most complete picture of where incretin therapy has been, where it is now, and where it is heading.
The numbers in context
Reviews phase 3 trial data for GLP-1 RAs and tirzepatide; discusses emerging triple agonists.
How the study worked
Comprehensive narrative review published in Medicinal Research Reviews covering mechanisms, clinical trials, and future directions.
Who was studied
Adults with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease
What this study cannot tell us
Narrative review — comprehensive but does not systematically grade all cited evidence.
How to read the evidence
Comprehensive review in a high-impact journal — excellent reference but evidence quality varies by topic.
When this study was published
Published in 2025, providing a state-of-the-art overview of the entire incretin therapy field.
The bigger picture
Incretin-based therapy is reshaping cardiometabolic medicine, with implications expanding across virtually every organ system.
Questions still open
- Which emerging incretin combination shows the most promise?
- Will GLP-1 drugs become the standard of care for heart failure and CKD?
Common questions
What are incretin drugs?
Are there newer drugs beyond semaglutide?
Read the original research
Incretin-based therapies for the management of cardiometabolic disease in the clinic: Past, present, and future.
Medicinal research reviews, 45(1), 29-65
Citation
Psaltis, James P; Marathe, Jessica A; Nguyen, Mau T; Le, Richard; Bursill, Christina A; Marathe, Chinmay S; Nelson, Adam J; Psaltis, Peter J. (2025). Incretin-based therapies for the management of cardiometabolic disease in the clinic: Past, present, and future.. Medicinal research reviews, 45(1), 29-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.22070